The 340s decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349.
Events
340
By place
editRoman Empire
edit- Constantinople, capital of Emperor Constantius II, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Rome, capital of his brother Constans I.[1]
- Constantine II, emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire (Britain, Gaul, the Rhine provinces and Iberia), crosses the Alps and attacks the army of his brother Constans I, emperor of the central part of the Roman Empire (Upper Danube, Italy and middle Africa). They clash at Aquileia in northern Italy. Constantine is killed in a skirmish by an ambush of Constans' troops.
- Constans is left sole ruler of the Western part of the Roman Empire, with his other brother, Constantius II, emperor of the Eastern portion.
By topic
editReligion
edit- Acacius succeeds Eusebius as bishop in the see of Caesarea.
- Wulfila evangelizes among the Goths for 7 years.
341
By place
editRoman Empire
edit- Emperor Constans I bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals, under penalty of death.[2]
- Constans I begins a successful campaign against the Franks.[2]
India
edit- Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire, during a decade, extends his kingdom and his influence.[3] A pillar found at Allahabad sings his praises.[3]
By topic
editReligion
edit- The Council of Encaenia is held in Antioch.[4][5][6]
- Paul I is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.[7]
- Thousands of Christians are executed at Seleucia in Mesopotamia.[8]
- Coptic Christianity is introduced into Ethiopia by the Syrian apostle Frumentius. He and his colleague Aedesius ware captured by Ethiopians a year or two ago, and have become civil servants at the Aksumite court of King Ezana. Ezana is impressed with Frumentius' teachings and converts to Christianity.[9][10] Frumentius becomes the first Bishop of Axum and encourages the Christian merchants present in the country to practise their faith openly.[10][11]
342
By place
editRoman Empire
edit- Emperor Constans I campaigns in Britain against the Picts.[12]
- Constans campaigns victoriously against the Franks.
- The Senate abolishes gay marriage.
Asia
edit- A large earthquake strikes Cyprus.
- Goguryeo is invaded by Murong Huang of the Xianbei.
- Jin Kangdi succeeds his brother Jin Chengdi as emperor of China.
By topic
editReligion
edit- Paul I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed and replaced by Macedonius I.
- February 15 – The original Hagia Sophia is dedicated in Constantinople.
343
By place
editRoman Empire
edit- The Western Roman Emperor Constans I is in Britain, possibly in a military campaign against the Picts and Scots. The last visit to Britain by a legitimate emperor.[13]
- The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of Armenia (Persian Empire).
By topic
editReligion
edit- Pope Julius I tries to unite the Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Serdica (later Sofia), which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong.
344
By place
editRoman Empire
edit- The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in eastern Mesopotamia, against the Sassanid Persians.
- Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Constantius wins a close victory, at the strongly fortified city of Singara (Mesopotamia). His enemy, King Shapur II, is forced to lift the siege, and withdraw the Persian army.
- Shapur II, for the second time, besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis in eastern Mesopotamia, but is repulsed by forces under General Lucilianus.
Asia
edit- Jin Mudi, age 1, succeeds his father Jin Kangdi as emperor of China. His mother, Empress Dowager Chu, becomes the ruling authority at court, and serves as regent.
- Gye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.[14]
By topic
editArt
edit- The making of a detail of Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies (attributed to Gu Kaizhi and being from the Six Dynasties period) begins (approximate year) and is completed in 406. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.
Religion
edit- Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend.
345
By place
editIndia
edit- Merchant Knai Thomman and 400 followers visit the Malabar Coast in Kerala (India), and assist the church there.[15][16][17]
- The Kadamba Dynasty is founded by Mayurasharma.[18]
Italy
edit- Constans orders the Basilica di Santa Tecla to be constructed in Milan.[19]
346
By place
editAsia
edit- In Korea, the Buyeo Kingdom is absorbed by Goguryeo.
- Geunchogo becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.[20]
By topic
editReligion
edit- Emperor Constans I uses his influence to secure the return of Athanasius. He is restored as Patriarch of Alexandria, and documents are compiled relating to his expulsion, under the title Apology Against the Arians.
- Macedonius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed again by Paul I.
- Julius Firmicus Maternus writes De erroribus profanarum religionum.
- The Visigoths are converted to Arianism by Wulfila.
347
By place
editChina
edit- Li Shi, ruler of Cheng Han, fails in his attempt to halt a Jin expedition under Huan Wen. He flees to the capital Chengdu and surrenders his forces. Emperor Jin Mudi spares his life and makes him a marquess.
By topic
editReligion
edit- Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy, and ground rules for bishops are laid down.[21]
- The Council of Philippopolis is held as the result of Eastern bishops leaving the Council of Sardica. In Philippopolis (Bulgaria), they excommunicate Pope Julius, and as a result, the Arian controversy is perpetuated.
348
By place
editEurope
edit- Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric, obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia, and settle near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria).
Asia
edit- In Persia, women are enrolled in the army to perform auxiliary services.
- In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle.
349
By place
editAsia
edit- After a brief reign of 183 days, Emperor Shi Zun and his mother Empress Zheng Yingtao are executed; his son Shi Jian succeeds him, as emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao.
- The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China.
Significant people
edit- Constans, Roman Emperor
- Constantius II, Roman Emperor
- Flavius Philippus, praetorian prefect of the East, consul
- Hypatia of Alexandria
Births
340
- Aurelius Ambrose, bishop of Milan (approximate date)
- Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium (approximate date)
- Jerome, priest and Bible translator (approximate date)
- Justina, Roman empress and regent (approximate date)
- Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia (approximate date)
- Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul (d. 402)
341
342
- Fei of Jin (or Sima Yi), Chinese emperor (d. 386)
343
- Fu Deng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 394)
- Jin Mudi, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 361)
- Xiao Wenshou (or Xiaoyi), Chinese empress dowager (d. 423)
- Xie Xuan, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 388)
344
- Gu Kaizhi, Chinese painter (approximate date)
- Kumārajīva, Buddhist monk and translator (d. 413)
- Mary of Egypt, patron Saint (approximate date)
- Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 386)
- Zhang Yaoling, ruler of Former Liang (d. 355)
345
- Evagrius Ponticus, Christian monk and ascetic (d. 399)
- Afranius Syagrius, Roman politician and administrator
- Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul and intellectual (d. 402)[23]
- Tyrannius of Aquileia, historian and theologian (approximate date)
346
- Zhang Tianxi, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (d. 406)
347
- January 11 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (d. 395)
- March 27 – Saint Jerome, priest and translator of the Bible (approximate date)
- Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian
- John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)
- Paula, Desert Mother and Saint (d. 404)
- Saint Porphyry, bishop of Gaza (approximate date)
348
349
- John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)[24]
Deaths
340
- October 28 – Cunera (or Kunera), Christian martyr
- Constantine II, Roman consul and emperor (b. 316)
- Kui An, Indian general and minister of Later Zhao
- Macrina the Elder, Christian saint (approximate date)
- Tao Bao (or Anbu), Chinese general of Later Zhao
- Yu Liang (or Yuangui), Chinese general (b. 279)
341
- Asterius of Cappadocia, Christian theologian and writer[25]
- Du Lingyang (or Du Ling), Chinese empress (b. 321)[26]
- Eusebius of Nicomedia, archbishop of Constantinople[27]
- Ge Hong (or Ko Hung), Chinese taoist (approximate date)[28]
- Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date)[29]
- Potamon of Heraclea, Christian bishop and martyr[30]
342
- July 26 – Chen of Jin (or Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (b. 321)
- Barsabias, Christian abbot, missionary and martyr
- Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date)
- Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI, Roman client king
343
- December 6 – Saint Nicholas (or Santa Claus) (b. 270)[31]
- Li Shou (or Wukao), Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 300)
344
- April 14
- Chusdazat, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint
- Pusai, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint
- August 20 – Heliodorus of Bet Zabdai, bishop and martyr
- November 17 – Jin Kangdi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 322)
- Biryu of Baekje, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea)[14]
345
- February 4 – Abraham of Arbela, Persian bishop and martyr (approximate date)
- April 6
- Abdecalas – Persian Orthodox priest and saint
- Shemon Bar Sabbae – Persian Orthodox priest and saint
- June 16 – Patriarch Gregory of Cappadocia
- August 27 – Narnus, Roman Catholic bishop and saint
- November 20 – Abiatha, Hathes and Mamlacha, Syrian Orthodox priests, virgins, martyrs and saints
- Abdisho, member of the Church of the East
- Aphrahat, Syrian Orthodox priest and saint
- Stephen I of Antioch, Byzantine bishop and saint
346
- He Chong (or Cidao), Chinese politician (b. 292)
- Maximin of Trier, German bishop (approximate date)
- Zhang Jun (or Gongting), Chinese prince (b. 307)
347
348
- May 9 – Pachomius the Great, founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism (b. 292)
- December 12 – Saint Spyridon, Greek-Cypriot Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 270)
- Murong Huang, Chinese ruler of the Former Yan (b. 297)
349
- Empress Liu, wife of Emperor Shi Hu (b. 318)
- Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295)
- Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339)
- Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao
- Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272)
- Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun
- Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun
References
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- ^ a b Hunt, David (1998). "The successors of Constantine". In Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6-7. ISBN 0-521-30200-5
- ^ a b Tej Ram Sharma (1989). A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4.
- ^ "Henry Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ "Council of Antioch | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ "CHURCH FATHERS: Synod of Antioch in Encaeniis (A.D. 341)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol. VI, (1886)
- ^ Butler, Alban (1821). The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints. pp. 229–230. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Harrower, Michael J.; Dumitru, Ioana A.; Perlingieri, Cinzia; Nathan, Smiti; Zerue, Kifle; Lamont, Jessica L.; Bausi, Alessandro; Swerida, Jennifer L.; Bongers, Jacob L.; Woldekiros, Helina S.; Poolman, Laurel A.; Pohl, Christie M.; Brandt, Steven A.; Peterson, Elizabeth A. (2019). "Beta Samati: discovery and excavation of an Aksumite town". Antiquity. 93 (372): 1536. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.84. ISSN 0003-598X.
- ^ a b Moore, Dale H. (1939). "Christianity in Ethiopia". Church History. 5 (3): 272. doi:10.2307/3160789. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3160789 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The history of Ethiopia. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0
- ^ Burgersdijk, D. W. P.; Ross, Alan, eds. (2018). Imagining emperors in the Later Roman Empire. Cultural interactions in the Mediterranean. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 173. ISBN 978-90-04-37092-0.
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1989) Byzantium: The Early Centuries, Guild Publishing, p. 81n
- ^ a b "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- ^ "Thomas Christians | History & Tradition | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Robinson, Rowena (2003-10-09). Christians of India. SAGE. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7619-9822-8.
- ^ Neill, Stephen (1984). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-521-54885-4.
- ^ Kapur; Kamlesh (2010). History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 536. ISBN 978-81-207-4910-8.
- ^ Fiorio, Maria Teresa. Le Chiese di Milano. Milano, Mondadori Electa, 2006. ISBN 8837037635
- ^ "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- ^ al, Philip Schaff et. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume II/Socrates/Book II.
- ^ Fang Xuanling inter al., eds. 晉書 (Book of Jin), 648. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1974. 10 vols.
- ^ "Quintus Aurelius Memmius Eusebius Symmachus | Roman Statesman, Consul & Orator | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Wilken, Robert L (2004). John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781592449422.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Asterius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 792.
- ^ Adamek, P. (11 September 2012). "A good son is sad if he hears the name of his father: the tabooing of names in China as a way of implementing social values". Leiden University: Scholarly Publications. p. 145. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Eusebius of Nicomedia". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Wells, Matthew (18 July 2013). "Self as Historical Artifact: Ge Hong and Early Chinese Autobiographical Writing". Early Medieval China. 2003 (1): 71–103. doi:10.1179/152991003788138465. ISSN 1529-9104.
- ^ "Venerable Paul of Thebes". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Butler, Alban (1798). The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints. Edinburgh: J. Moir. p. 264. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
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