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Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

For other periods, see History of the administrative divisions of China (disambiguation). For the administrative divisions after 7 December 1949, see Administrative divisions of Taiwan
See also: Taiwan Area

The administrative divisions of China between 1912 and 1949 were established under the regime of the Republic of China government.

Introduction

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The Republic of China was founded in 1912. It used most of the same administrative divisions as the Qing dynasty but divided Inner Mongolia into four provinces and set up several municipalities under the authority of the Executive Yuan. After the end of World War II in 1945, Manchuria was reincorporated into the Republic of China as nine provinces. Taiwan and the Penghu were also acquired by the Republic of China and organized into Taiwan Province after Retrocession Day. The Nationalist government of China officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia in January 1946 after the 1945 Mongolian independence referendum which voted for independence.[1] Later, Hainan separated and became a first-level administrative region in January 1949. By this time the top-level divisions consisted of 35 provinces, 12 Yuan-controlled municipalities, one special administrative region and Tibet area.

After the central government's withdrawal from mainland China during the Chinese Civil War and subsequent relocation to Taiwan in 1949, the jurisdiction of the ROC was restricted to only Taiwan, the Penghus, Hainan, and a few offshore islands of Fujian and Zhejiang. Hainan was captured by the People's Republic of China in May 1950, followed by the unrecognized Tibet in 1951 and Zhejiang in 1955. The remaining area is called the "Free area of the Republic of China" in the ROC Constitution. In most ordinary legislation, the term "Taiwan Area" is used in place of the "Free Area", while mainland China is referred to as the "Mainland Area."

Provinces

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After the Republic of China was established in 1912, it set up four more provinces in Inner Mongolia and two in historic Tibet, bringing the total to 28. In 1931, Ma Zhongying established Hexi in the northern parts of Gansu but the ROC never acknowledged the province. However, China lost four provinces with the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, China re-incorporated Manchuria as 10 provinces, and assumed control of Taiwan as a province. As a result, the Republic of China in 1946 had 35 provinces.

Other provincial level divisions

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Beiyang government (1912–1928)

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Main article: Beiyang government
 
Provinces and areas of the Republic of China in 1912
 
Map of the Republic of China in 1926

The Beiyang government streamlined the system used in Qing dynasty down to three levels:

The Beiyang government set up four more provinces out of Inner Mongolia and the surrounding areas (Chahar, Rehe, Ningxia, Suiyuan) and two others out of parts of historical Tibet (Chuanbian [fr; zh] (later Xikang) out of Kham and Qinghai out of Amdo; Ü-Tsang was the Dalai Lama's realm at this time and not part of any province), bringing the total number of provinces up to 28.

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1928)
Division name Abbreviation Capital name Note
Postal Chinese Pinyin Chinese Pinyin Postal Chinese Pinyin
Provinces (省 Shěng)
Anhwei 安徽 Ānhuī 皖 Wǎn Anking 安慶 Ānqìng
Chekiang 浙江 Zhèjiāng 浙 Zhè Hangchow 杭州 Hángzhōu
Chihli 直隸 Zhílì 直 Zhí Tientsin 天津 Tiānjīn 1914 area around Peking (Beijing) split into Shuntien Prefecture
Fengtien 奉天 Fèngtiān 奉 Fèng Mukden 瀋陽 Shěnyáng
Fukien 福建 Fújiàn 閩 Mǐn Foochow 福州 Fúzhōu
Heilungkiang 黑龍江 Hēilóngjiāng 黑 Hēi Tsitsihar 齊齊哈爾 Qíqíhār 1914 Hulunbuir Region split, 1920 merged back.
Honan 河南 Hénán 豫 Yù Kaifeng 開封 Kāifēng
Hunan 湖南 Húnán 湘 Xiāng Changsha 長沙 Chángshā
Hupeh 湖北 Húběi 鄂 È Wuchang 武昌 Wǔchāng
Kansu 甘肅 Gānsù 隴 Lǒng Lanchow 蘭州 Lánzhōu
Kiangsi 江西 Jiāngxī 贛 Gàn Nanchang 南昌 Nánchāng
Kiangsu 江蘇 Jiāngsū 蘇 Sū Nanking 南京 Nánjīng 1912 area around Nanking (Nanjing) shortly split to a prefecture
Kirin 吉林 Jílín 吉 Jí Kirin 吉林 Jílín
Kwangsi 廣西 Guǎngxī 桂 Guì Kweilin 桂林 Guìlín
Kwangtung 廣東 Guǎngdōng 粵 Yuè Canton 廣州 Guǎngzhōu
Kweichow 貴州 Guìzhōu 黔 Qián Kweiyang 貴陽 Guìyáng
Shansi 山西 Shānxī 晉 Jìn Taiyuan 太原 Tàiyuán
Shantung 山東 Shāndōng 魯 Lǔ Tsinan 濟南 Jǐnán
Shensi 陝西 Shǎnxī 陝 Shǎn Sian 西安 Xī'ān
Sinkiang 新疆 Xīnjiāng 新 Xīn Tihwa 迪化 Díhuà Tihwa was renamed Ürümqi (烏魯木齊) after 1949
Szechwan 四川 Sìchuān 蜀 Shǔ Chengtu 成都 Chéngdū
Yunnan 雲南 Yúnnán 滇 Diān Kunming 昆明 Kūnmíng
Areas (地方 Dìfāng)
Capital 京兆 Jīngzhào 京 Jīng About the place of modern Municipality of Beijing
Inner Mongolia 內蒙古 Nèiménggǔ 內蒙 Nèiméng Inner Mongolia was divided into several Mongolian leagues and banners. There was no obvious capital.
Split into Chahar, Rehe, Suiyuan in 1913–14.
Outer Mongolia 外蒙古 Wàiménggǔ 外蒙 Wàiméng Khuree 庫倫 Kùlún Khuree was renamed Ulaan Bator after the independence of Mongolia
Tibet 西藏 Xīzàng 藏 Zàng Lhasa 拉薩 Lāsà
Tsinghai 青海 Qīnghǎi 青 Qīng Sining 西寧 Xïníng
Regions (區域 Qūyù)
Altay 阿爾泰 Ā'ěrtài 阿爾泰 Āěrtài Altay 承化寺 Chénghuàsì 1920 abolished → Sinkiang
The Chinese name of the capital 承化寺 was changed to Ālètài (阿勒泰) after 1949.
Hulunbuir 呼倫貝爾 Hūlúnbèi'ěr 呼倫貝爾 Hūlúnbèi'ěr Hailar 海拉爾 Hǎilā'ěr 1915 created, 1920 abolished → Heilungkiang
Tarbaghatay 塔爾巴哈臺 Tǎ'ěrbāhātái 塔城 Tǎchéng Tacheng 塔城 Tǎchéng 1912 created, 1916 abolished → Sinkiang
Prefectures (府 Fǔ)
Nanking 南京 Nánjīng 寧 Níng January 1912 created, February 1912 abolished → Kiangsu
Shuntien 順天 Shùntiān 京 Jīng May 1914 created from Chihli, renamed Capital Area in October
Special Administrative Regions (特別區 Tèbiéqū)
Chahar 察哈爾 Cháhāěr 察 Chá Changyuan 張垣 Zhāngyuán 1914 created from Inner Mongolia
Changyuan was renamed Zhangjiakou (張家口) after 1949.
Chwanpien [fr; zh] 川邊 Chuānbiān 川邊 Chuānbiān Kangting 康定 Kāngdìng 1925 renamed to Sikang
Jehol 熱河 Rèhé 熱 Rè Chengteh 承德 Chéngdé 1914 created from Inner Mongolia
Sikang 西康 Xīkāng 康 Kāng Kangting 康定 Kāngdìng 1925 renamed from Chwanpien
Suiyuan 綏遠 Suīyuǎn 綏 Suī Kweisui 歸綏 Guīsuī 1913 created from Inner Mongolia
Kweisui was renamed Hohhot (呼和浩特) after 1949
Tungsheng 東省 Dōngshěng 東省 Dōngshěng Harbin 哈爾濱 Hā'ěrbīn Land along the Chinese Eastern Railway, spanned from Manzhouli through Harbin to Suifenhe.
Commercial Region (商埠 Shāngbù)
Kiao-ao 膠澳 Jiāo'ào 膠 Jiāo Tsingtao 青島 Qīngdǎo Formerly Japanese and German concession.
1925 abolished → Shantung
Sunghu 淞滬 Sōnghù 滬 Hù Shanghai 上海 Shànghǎi Status in dispute. Division established by the Zhili clique leader Sun Chuanfang, was not recognized by the central government.

Nationalist Government (1928–1949)

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Map of the Republic of China in 1936
 
Map of the Republic of China in 1946
 
Map of the Republic of China in 1949

The Nationalist government established municipalities (cities directly administered by the central government) and added sub-county levels (like townships). Circuits were abolished in 1928 as being superfluous. The reforms were impracticable; the average province had more than 50 counties with some with more than a hundred. Some provinces were later subdivided into prefectures.

  • Provinces (省, shěng)
    • Administrative superintendent district (行政督察區, xíngzhèng dūcháqū)
  • Counties (縣, xiàn)

Four northeast provinces (Fengtian, Heilongjiang, Rehel, Jilin) were lost to Manchukuo, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan, in the 1930s. Counties in multiple provinces were lost to the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931, with most being recovered in 1934 before the Long March.

Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, Manchuria was reincorporated as nine provinces and three municipalities, and Taiwan Province was created by annexing the island of Taiwan and the Penghu islands. By this time there was a total of thirty-five provinces, twelve municipalities (院轄市, yuànxiáshì), one special administrative region (特別行政區, tèbié xíngzhèngqǖ), and two regions (地方, difāng) as first-level divisions.

China recognized the Mongolian People's Republic following the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, formally relinquishing claims on the area of Outer Mongolia.

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1928–1949)
Division name Abbreviation Capital name Note
Postal Chinese Pinyin Chinese Pinyin Postal Chinese Pinyin
Provinces (省 Shěng)
Antung 安東 Āndōng 安 Ān Tunghwa 通化 Tōnghuà 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Liaoning)
Anhwei 安徽 Ānhuī 皖 Wǎn Hofei 合肥 Héféi
Chahar 察哈爾 Cháhāěr 察 Chá Kalgan 張垣 Zhāngyuán 1928 reformed from a special administrative region
Kalgan was renamed Zhangjiakou (張家口) after 1949.
Chekiang 浙江 Zhèjiāng 浙 Zhè Hangchow 杭州 Hángzhōu
Fukien 福建 Fújiàn 閩 Mǐn Foochow 福州 Fúzhōu
Heilungkiang 黑龍江 Hēilóngjiāng 黑 Hēi Peian 北安 Běi'ān 1945 recreated from Manchukuo
Hokiang 合江 Héjiāng 合 Hé Chiamussu 佳木斯 Jiāmùsī 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Kirin)
Honan 河南 Hénán 豫 Yù Kaifeng 開封 Kāifēng
Hopeh 河北 Héběi 冀 Jì Tsingyuan 清苑 Qīngyuàn 1928 renamed from Chihli
Tsingyuan was renamed to Baoding (保定) after 1949
Hunan 湖南 Húnán 湘 Xiāng Changsha 長沙 Chángshā
Hupeh 湖北 Húběi 鄂 È Wuchang 武昌 Wǔchāng
Hsingan 興安 Xīng'ān 興 Xīng Hailar 海拉爾 Hǎilā'ěr 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Heilungkiang)
Hailar was renamed to Hulunbuir (呼倫貝爾) after 1949
Jehol 熱河 Rèhé 熱 Rè Chengteh 承德 Chéngdé 1928 reformed from a special administrative region, 1945 recreated from Manchukuo
Kansu 甘肅 Gānsù 隴 Lǒng Lanchow 蘭州 Lánzhōu
Kiangsi 江西 Jiāngxī 贛 Gàn Nanchang 南昌 Nánchāng
Kiangsu 江蘇 Jiāngsū 蘇 Sū Chinkiang 鎮江 Zhènjiāng
Kirin 吉林 Jílín 吉 Jí Kirin 吉林 Jílín 1945 recreated from Manchukuo
Kwangsi 廣西 Guǎngxī 桂 Guì Kweilin 桂林 Guìlín
Kwangtung 廣東 Guǎngdōng 粵 Yuè Canton 廣州 Guǎngzhōu
Kweichow 貴州 Guìzhōu 黔 Qián Kweiyang 貴陽 Guìyáng
Liaoning 遼寧 Liáoníng 遼 Liáo Mukden 瀋陽 Shěnyáng 1929 renamed from Fengtien, 1945 recreated from Manchukuo
Liaopeh 遼北 Liáoběi 洮 Táo Liaoyuan 遼源 Liáoyuán 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Liaoning)
Ningsia 寧夏 Níngxià 寧 Níng Yinchwan 銀川 Yínchuān 1928 created from Kansu
Nunkiang 嫩江 Nènjiāng 嫩 Nèn Tsitsihar 齊齊哈爾 Qíqíhā'ěr 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Heilungkiang)
Shansi 山西 Shānxī 晉 Jìn Taiyuan 太原 Tàiyuán
Shantung 山東 Shāndōng 魯 Lǔ Tsinan 濟南 Jǐnán
Shensi 陝西 Shǎnxī 陝 Shǎn Sian 西安 Xī'ān
Sikang 西康 Xīkāng 康 Kāng Kangting 康定 Kāngdìng 1928 reformed from a special administrative region
Sinkiang 新疆 Xīnjiāng 新 Xīn Tihwa 迪化 Díhuà Tihwa was renamed Ürümqi (烏魯木齊) after 1949
Suiyuan 綏遠 Suīyuǎn 綏 Suī Kweisui 歸綏 Guīsuī 1928 reformed from a special administrative region
Kweisui was renamed Hohhot (呼和浩特) after 1949
Sungkiang 松江 Sōngjiāng 松 Sōng Mutankiang 牡丹江 Mǔdānjiāng 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Kirin)
Szechwan 四川 Sìchuān 蜀 Shǔ Chengtu 成都 Chéngdū
Taiwan 臺灣 Táiwān 臺 Tái Taipei 臺北 Táiběi 1945 annexed from Japan
Consists of Taiwan and Penghu islands
Tsinghai 青海 Qīnghǎi 青 Qīng Sining 西寧 Xīníng 1928 reformed from an area
Yunnan 雲南 Yúnnán 滇 Diān Kunming 昆明 Kūnmíng
Special Administrative Regions (特別行政區 Tèbiéxíngzhèngqū)
Hainan 海南 Hǎinán 瓊 Qióng Haikow 海口 Hǎikǒu 1931 Kiung-ai (瓊崖) was planned to create, 1949 created from Kwangtung
Tungsheng 東省 Dōngshěng 東省 Dōngshěng Harbin 哈爾濱 Hā'ěrbīn 1932 abolished by Manchukuo
Weihai 威海 Wēihāi 威海 Wēihāi Weihai 威海 Wēihāi 1930 acquired from the United Kingdom, 1945 abolished → Shantung
Areas (地方 Dìfāng)
Mongolia 蒙古 Ménggǔ 蒙 Méng Khuree 庫倫 Kùlún Khuree was renamed Ulaan Bator after the independence of Mongolia
Tibet 西藏 Xīzàng 藏 Zàng Lhasa 拉薩 Lāsà
Special municipalities (直轄市 Zhíxiáshì)
Canton 廣州 Guǎngzhōu 穗 Suì Jan 1930 created from Kwangtung, Jun merged back. 1947 recreated
Chungking 重慶 Chóngqìng 渝 Yú 1927 created from Szechwan
Dairen 大連 Dàlián 連 Lián 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Liaoning)
Hankow 漢口 Hànkǒu 漢 Hàn 1927 created Wuhan from Hupeh, 1929 renamed to Hankow, 1931 merged back, 1947 recreated
Harbin 哈爾濱 Hā'ěrbīn 哈 Hā 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Heilungkiang)
Mukden 瀋陽 Shěnyáng 瀋 Shěn 1947 created from Manchukuo (originally part of Liaoning)
Nanking 南京 Nánjīng 京 Jīng 1927 created from Kiangsu
Peiping 北平 Běipíng 平 Píng 1928 created from Hopeh, Jun 1930 merged back, Dec 1930 recreated. 1949 renamed back to Peking (北京)
Shanghai 上海 Shànghǎi 滬 Hù 1927 reform Sunghu commercial region to a municipality, created from Kiangsu
Sian 西安 Xī'ān 安 Ān 1933 planned to create Siking (西京), 1947 created from Shensi
Tientsin 天津 Tiānjīn 津 Jīn 1928 created from Hopeh, 1930 merged back. 1935 recreated
Tsingtao 青島 Qīngdǎo 青 Qīng 1929 created from Shantung.

Administrative divisions published after 1949

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A map showing the official divisions and territories historically claimed by the Republic of China, along with their status as of 2005
 
Map comparing political divisions as drawn by the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China

After its loss of the mainland to the Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War and its retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the Nationalist Party continued to regard the Republic of China as the internationally recognized sole legitimate government of China. The jurisdiction of the Republic was restricted to Taiwan, the Penghu, and a few islands off Fujian, but the Republic of China has never retracted its claim to mainland China. Moreover, the Kuomintang government in Taiwan unilaterally overturned its recognition of Mongolia in 1953. Accordingly, the official first-order divisions of Republic of China remain the historical divisions of China immediately prior to the loss of mainland China and maps of China and the world published in Taiwan sometimes show provincial and national boundaries as they were in 1949, ignoring changes made by the Communist government and including Outer Mongolia (includes Tannu Uriankhai), Jiangxinpo (northern Burma/Kachin State), as part of the Republic. Until 1998, the authorities in Taiwan still published relevant maps.[2]

As of the ROC government suspends publication of relevant administrative codes in 2005,[3] the nominal political divisions of the Republic were 35 provinces, 1 special administrative region, 2 regions, 18 special municipalities (adding Taipei and Kaohsiung to the original list with four added in 2010 and 2014), 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. For second-order divisions, under provinces and special administrative regions, there are counties (2,035), province-controlled cities (56), bureaus (34) and management bureaus (7). Under provincial-level municipalities there are districts, and under leagues there are banners (127).

Changes made to Province-level divisions of the Republic of China between 1949 and 2019
Name Traditional
Chinese		 Pinyin Abbreviation Capital Capital in Chinese Notes
Provinces
Fukien 福建 Fújiàn 閩 mǐn Jincheng Township 金城鎮 The capital of Fujian Province was moved to Xindian in 1956, and moved to Jincheng Township, Kinmen since 1996. The Fujian Provincial Government was de facto abolished in 2019.
Taiwan 臺灣 Táiwān 臺 tái Zhongxing New Village 中興新村 The capital of Taiwan Province was moved to Zhongxing New Village in Nantou County from Taipei in the 1960s. The government was de facto dissolved in 2018.
Kiangsu 江蘇 Jiāngsū 蘇 sū Shengsi County 嵊泗縣 The government of Kiangsu Province was moved to Shengsi County in 1949. In 1950 the county was conquered by the PLA and the Kiangsu Provincial Government was abolished soon after.
Chekiang 浙江 Zhèjiāng 浙 zhè Taiwan Province 臺灣省 The government of Chekiang Province in Ganlan Township of Dinghai County was abolished in 1950. In 1951, the provincial government was re-established on the Tachen Islands of Wenling County, later to be moved to Taiwan Province in 1953. After the loss of the Yijiangshan Islands during the Battle of Yijiangshan Islands in 1955, the provincial government was abolished.
Szechwan 四川 Sìchuān 蜀 shǔ Xichang County 西昌縣 After the loss of its capital of Chengdu in December 1949, the Provincial Government was moved to Xichang County of Xikang Province and remained there until its abolishment in 1950.
Sikang 西康 Xīkāng 康 kāng Xichang County 西昌縣 The government of Xikang Province was re-established in Xichang County in Dec. 1949. In 1950, Xichang was taken over by the PLA.
Kwangtung 廣東 Guǎngdōng 粵 yuè Haikou City 海口市 The government of Kwangtung Province was moved to Haikou City of Hainan in 1949 after the loss of its capital Guangdong. After the loss of Hainan in 1950, the government was subsequently abolished.
Yunnan 雲南 Yúnnán 滇 diān Kunming 昆明 The government of Yunnan was moved to Bangkok in 1950 and abolished in 1951.[citation needed]
Sinkiang 新疆 Xīnjiāng 新 xīn Dihua City 迪化市 Provincial Government of Sinkiang was abolished in 1992.
Special Administrative Regions
Hainan 海南 Hǎinán 瓊 qióng Haikow City 海口市 Government abolished in 1950. Pratas Island transferred to Kaohsiung in 1996.
Special Municipalities The Chinese name 院轄市 Yuànxiáshì was changed to 直轄市 Zhíxiáshì in 1994.
Kaohsiung 高雄 Gāoxióng 高 gāo Lingya District 苓雅區 Kaohsiung was elevated in 1979.
New Taipei 新北 Xīnběi 新 xīn Banqiao District 板橋區 New Taipei was elevated in 2010.
Taichung 臺中 Táizhōng 中 zhōng Xitun District 西屯區 Taichung was elevated in 2010.
Tainan 臺南 Táinán 南 nán Anping District 安平區 Tainan was elevated in 2010.
Taipei 臺北 Táiběi 北 běi Xinyi District 信義區 Taipei was elevated in 1967.
Taoyuan 桃園 Táoyuán 桃 táo Taoyuan District 桃園區 Taoyuan was elevated in 2014.

After Taiwan's first political party rotation, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) administration have officially renounced claims to Mongolia in 2002.[4] Although the administration of pro-independence President Chen Shui-bian (2000–2008) did not actively claim sovereignty over all of China, the relevant laws involving mainland China ruled by the CCP remain unchanged. Thus, the claimed area of the ROC continues to include mainland China, several off-shore islands, and Taiwan.

Beginning in 2006, the ROC Yearbook, under Chen's administration, ceased displaying official administrative divisions in mainland China.[3] It recognized two provinces (Taiwan and Fujian) and two special municipalities (Taipei and Kaohsiung). President Ma Ying-jeou reasserted the ROC's claim to be the sole legitimate government of China and the claim that mainland China is part of ROC's territory.[5] He does not, however, actively seek reunification, and prefers to maintain an ambiguous status quo in order to improve relations with the PRC.[6] On May 21, 2012, the Mainland Affairs Council released a press announcement that said that Outer Mongolia has never been part of its constitutionally claimed territory.[7]

In 2016, a pre-1949 map of the ROC was installed in the Legislative Yuan which drew the ire of the lawmakers who called for the removal or replacement of a map in the Legislative Yuan which shows Nanjing as the ROC capital, and portrays Mongolia as part of its territory despite it was recognized again in 2002. Kuomintang legislator William Tseng said that the map is accurate, until the Constitution and laws are amended to change the nation's official territory while DPP lawmaker Chen Ting-fei stated, "With the way it portrays the ROC territory, that map is like one from a parallel universe—it is out of step with current thinking."[8] Eventually, this outdated world map was removed and replaced with maps of Taiwan from different periods.[9]

After the streamlining of Fujian and Taiwan provincial governments in 1956 and 1998, the Tsai Ing-wen administration de facto abolished the Taiwan Provincial Government on 1 July 2018 and the Fujian Provincial Government on 1 January 2019. With the first-level provinces retained under its constitutional structure, the Executive Yuan now administers the second-level 13 counties and 3 provincial cities (autonomous municipalities) in its place along with the 6 special municipalities.[10][11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "蒙古不是中華民國固有之疆域". Liberty Times 自由時報. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  2. ^ 內政部地政司地政法規檢索 法規沿革
  3. ^ a b 中華民國年鑑九十五年版. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  4. ^ "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year". Taipei Times. 2002-10-11. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-28. In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on Oct. 3, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country -- 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.
  5. ^ "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". Taipei Times. 2008-10-08.
  6. ^ MacArtney, Jane (2008-08-30). "President Ma Ying-jeou of Taiwan has progress making ties with China". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.
  7. ^ "有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料" [Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Mainland Affairs Council. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  8. ^ "Lawmakers urge removal of ROC map in legislature - Taipei Times". 18 January 2021.
  9. ^ ""立院"撤世界地圖　改掛台灣地圖" [The world map in the Legislative Yuan removed and replaced it with Taiwan maps] (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). China Review News Agency Limited. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  10. ^ Abraham Gerber (16 September 2017). "Groups demand end to Provincial Government". Taipei Times. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  11. ^ Sherry Hsiao (29 June 2018). "Provincial-level agencies to be defunded next year". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
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