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Albanian Americans

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Albanian Americans (Albanian: shqiptaro-amerikanët) are Americans of full or partial Albanian ancestry and heritage in the United States. They trace their ancestry to the territories with a large Albanian population in the Balkans and southern Europe, including Albania, Italy, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro. They are adherents of different religions and are predominantly Muslims and Christians, while some are irreligious.

Albanian Americans
The language spread of Albanian in the United States as of the 2000 census.
States
Total population
 United States 224,000 (2024)
(0.07% of the US population)[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 New York52,000[3]
 Michigan30,200[4][3]
 Massachusetts21,300[3]
 Ohio4,000-20,000[5]
 Illinois15,300[3]
 Connecticut12,000[3]
 New Jersey15,500[6]
 Pennsylvania10,000[6]
 Florida16,000[6]
 California7,000
 Texas7,000[6]
Languages
Religion

In 2024, there were 224,000 counted people of Albanian descent living in the United States,[2] mostly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region.[7] This is a major increase since 1990, when there were only 47,710 Albanians in the U.S.[8] The figure includes all people affiliated with United States who claim Albanian ancestry, both those born in the country and naturalized citizens, as well as those with dual citizenship who affiliate themselves with both cultures.

People of Albanian descent are often concentrated in the Greater Philadelphia, Greater Boston, Metro Detroit, Chicagoland, Tampa and Jacksonville, Florida; New York City, and Waterbury, Connecticut areas. About three-quarters of the Albanian American population lives in the aforementioned Eastern U.S. states (52,000 in New York State, 30,000 in Michigan, 21,000 in Massachusetts, 16,000 in Florida, 15,000 in Illinois, 15,000 in New Jersey, and 12,000 in Connecticut).

There are also smaller, yet sizable communities within the Midwest such as Greater Cleveland, and Kenosha and Milwaukee, and as well as smaller East Coast communities like that of in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area that encompasses Northern Virginia and Maryland. West of the Mississippi River, there are smaller ethnic Albanian communities in Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Phoenix, and San Diego areas.

History

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The New York City Metropolitan Area is home to by far the largest Albanian population in the United States.[9]
 
Paterson, New Jersey, is home to the second largest Albanian American population, after New York City.
 
Lakewood, Ohio and the West Side of Cleveland are home to a significant Albanian population.
 
Jacksonville is home to the most Albanian Americans in the state of Florida.
 
The Albanian Orthodox cathedral of St. George in South Boston, Massachusetts.

To avoid service in the Turkish War during the late 19th century, due to Albania being under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Albanians would arrive in the U.S., namely to Chicago, Boston, and New York.[10] The first Albanian documented to have emigrated to the United States was Kolë Kristofori (English: Nicholas Christopher), who landed in Boston in the early 1880s and is remembered as the pioneer of the Albanian ethnic group in the U.S.[11] It was not until the 1900s that large numbers of Albanians reached the U.S. East Coast: most of them were young bachelors from southern Albania.[11]

In addition to the Boston and Chicago areas, large numbers of Albanians would make their home in the N.Y.C. area, especially in the Bronx. Workers settled in New York in the early 20th century, many of whom would find work in shoe, glass, and textile factories.[12] A second wave of Albanians arrived after World War II, and many of them were refugees from the Communist regime of Enver Hoxha. These refugees came from all regions of Albania and settled mainly in New York.[13] Albanians would also be instrumental in the pizzeria and restaurant industry in New York, Boston, Chicago, and other metropolises.

In 1912, Albanians began arriving in the Detroit area.[14] At the time there were groups in east Detroit, northwest Detroit, and Grosse Pointe.[14] The early settlers originated from southern Albania, but they were recorded as being from Greece, Turkey, or from the country in which they boarded their boats to the United States. Many had initially lived in New York and New England, but moved to Detroit by the 1910s.[15]

The majority of this first wave of emigrants, approximately 10,000, did not intend to permanently settle in the U.S., and went back to Albania after World War I.[11] Meanwhile, the post-WWII group of emigrants from Albania reached the U.S. The second group settled and intermarried in their new country.[11] The number of Albanians that reported the Albanian language as their mother tongue in 1920 was around 6,000.[11]

Post-World War II

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After World War II the Albanians who emigrated to the U.S. were mostly political emigrants, and by 1970 the figure rose to around 17,000.[11]

Following the Expulsion of Cham Albanians from Greece in the aftermath of World War II, many of them migrated to the United States, asserting that the Communist government in Albania discriminated against and persecuted them.[16] They managed to retain their traditions and language,[16] and created in 1973 the Chameria Human Rights Association which later merged and became Albanian American Organization Chameria which aimed to protect their rights.[17][18] (see Cham Albanians).

Allowing for the families that had abandoned their mother tongue, it is estimated that around 70,000 US citizens with an Albanian background lived in the US in 1980.[19]

In the 1990s, many Albanians from Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Republic of North Macedonia emigrated to the United States as refugees of war. Another Albanian American (Kosovan-Americans) community in the Riverside/San Bernardino area of California includes Kosovars who entered the United States at the March Joint Air Reserve Base in Riverside.[20]

A wave of mass immigration came in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia and it continued in the 1990s. Some Catholic ethnic Albanians from Montenegro entered the United States from Mexico and settled in Detroit.[21]

Arbëreshë Americans

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Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were immigrants from Italy who descended from a group of Albanians known as the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë were a group of Albanians who fled to the Kingdom of Naples and to the Kingdom of Sicily in the 15th century to avoid invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

This group of Albanians is distinguishable from other Albanian Americans due to their Italianized names, as well as their Albanian Greek Catholic religion. Nevertheless, Arbëreshë have a strong sense of identity, and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of Tosk Albanian called Arbëresh, which does not have any Ottoman influence.

Greater New Orleans has a history of an Arbëreshë community, mostly descended from 19th century Sicilian immigrants. Oftentimes, wherever there are Italians, there are a few Arbëreshë mixed with them. Arbëreshë Americans, therefore, are often indistinguishable from Italian Americans due to being assimilated into the greater Italian American community.

Population

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Demographics

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The top 10 cities in the United States that have the most Albanian Americans.[22]

Cities Number of Albanian Americans
New York, NY 39,471
Philadelphia, PA 5,187
Jacksonville, FL 3,812
Sterling Heights, MI 3,331
Worcester, MA 3,315
Yonkers, NY 3,012
Waterbury, CT 3,012
Quincy, MA 1,894
Chicago, IL 1,768
Boston, MA 1,550

Albanians tend to live in the Upper South, the Midwest, and the Northeast. The Albanian community is generally concentrated in the Northeast, with populations mostly in New York City, Yonkers area, Waterbury, Connecticut area, Philadelphia, Boston and nearby Quincy. There are some Albanian communities in Florida, mainly in the Jacksonville area. The main other Albanian communities are in the Midwest, such as in Metro Detroit, Michigan, and Chicagoland. There are few Albanian communities elsewhere, with a small population in California and a slightly higher proportion in Texas, especially Dallas.

East Coast

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With over 60,000 Albanian-Americans, the largest community is in New York which serves as an important pillar of the Albanian community.[3] 0.3% of New York State reports Albanian ancestry, and about 0.5% of NYC residents report Albanian ancestry. There is a concentrated Albanian community around the Bronx, especially around Belmont, Bedford Park, Morris Park, as well as also in Staten Island, which is nearly one percent Albanian. Parts of Westchester County such as Yonkers and White Plains are rife with Albanian people, both having over 2,000 and 1,000 Albanians each, respectively.[23]

The New Jersey cities of Garfield, Clifton, Elmwood Park, and Lodi all bear over 500 Albanians each.

The Greater Philadelphia Area of Pennsylvania is rife with Albanian-descended persons. Philadelphia city proper, as well as the suburbs of Progress and Berwyn are over 2% Albanian ethnically, and Philadelphia has over 5,000 Albanians in residence; 0.3% of the city's population.[24]

The DMV area encompassing D.C., Virginia, and Maryland, has several thousand Albanians: many reside in Fairfax County, Virginia (1,000; 120 in Dulles Town Center; 100 Floris; 100 in Oakton, and several dozen in other various cities and communities within the county), Arlington County, Virginia, Loudoun County, Virginia, Montgomery County, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. itself has an Albanian American proportion that is slightly higher than the American figure of 0.06% (D.C.'s is 0.08%).

Massachusetts has a large Albanian population, especially in the communities of Worcester, which has 3,000 Albanians, and Quincy with over a thousand.

Midwest

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Main article: Albanians in Chicago
Main article: History of the Albanian Americans in Metro Detroit

Some 30,000 live in Michigan, about 20,000 live in Massachusetts, approximately 4,000 live in Ohio (in Greater Cleveland, especially Lakewood and the West Side of Cleveland), 14,500 live in Illinois and about 13,000 live in Connecticut.[2][3][5][25] The three largest communities (New York, Michigan and Massachusetts) account for 58% of the total Albanian-American population.[3] Michigan has an Albanian American percentage for the state recorded at 0.4%, higher than New York's at 0.3%; thus having Michigan having the highest percentage of Albanian Americans of any state.

Hamtramck, Michigan is 3% ethnically Albanian. There are 5,000 Albanians in Macomb County, and several thousand in Wayne County. While few live in the Detroit city proper, many live also in the suburbs such as St. Clair Shores and Farmington Hills. (See History of the Albanian Americans in Metro Detroit).

Chicago has a large population of Albanians; the state of Illinois has over 15,000 Albanians, and 3,000 reside in Chicago proper. Exurban communities like Minooka have abundant Albanian populations.

South

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Jacksonville has the most Albanian Americans in Florida with 3,812 Albanians, having almost 1/4 of all Albanian Americans in Florida and 1.76% of all Albanian Americans.[26] Jacksonville's population is 0.4% Albanian by ancestry. Clearwater, in the Tampa area, has 900 Albanian residents, almost one percent of its population, as well as an Albanian Islamic mosque. There is also another Tampa-area Albanian mosque located in Dunedin, which has served as a place of worship for the Pinellas County Albanian Muslim community since 1996.[27][28]

Nearby St. Petersburg has 500 Albanians, Spring Hill has 400, Gainesville has 400, Egypt Lake-Leto has 350, and Palm Harbor has 300.[26]

South Florida has an Albanian community, although it is rather very small in Miami and Miami Beach, with the 2020s estimated data showing that not even a total of 100 ethnic Albanians live in those two cities combined. 30 miles from Miami is Oakland Park, which has 800 Albanians, two percent of the city's population, and 350 live in Pompano Beach.[26] Orlando and nearby communities do not have many Albanians, although Sanford, 20 miles away, has 300 Albanian residents.[26]

Within the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, Plano has a large community in addition to the metropolitan area's two aforementioned cities. The zip code of 75075, west of the Central Expressway in Plano, is 1.5% Albanian; 500-600 residents.[29] There is a Balkan/Albanian restaurant, cultural center in Lewisville, and one to two thousand Albanians reside in the Dallas area.[30]

There is a sizable Albanian population in Missouri, especially in Greater St. Louis; the town of Bella Villa, which also has a large population of another Southern European ethnic group (Bosnian Americans), is 4% Albanian.[31] There are 1,200 Albanians in St. Louis County.[32]

There is an Albanian presence in the Nashville area. While much smaller in other parts of Tennessee, such as Memphis and Knoxville where both cities have less than 50 Albanians live in said cities proper, over 1,000 Albanians live in Nashville. There is an Albanian-language Christian monastery that is adjoined with a community center there.[33][34]

Western U.S.

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In addition to New York, Connecticut, Florida and Michigan having most of the Albanian population, pockets of sizable Albanians are found in San Diego County, which has roughly up towards 1,000 Albanians, many residing in Santee, or in the East San Diego County area. There are also several hundred Albanian Americans in the Sacramento Valley, especially in and around Carmichael. Pasadena, in Los Angeles, also has several hundred Albanians. Scottsdale, Arizona, as well as the Greater Phoenix area, has about 2-3,000 ethnic Albanians, and an Albanian cafe in Phoenix.[35][36] A small yet sizable Albanian community can be found in Washington state, including Mercer Island and within the Seattle area.[37]

Age demographics

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Albanian-Americans are on average younger than non-Albanian Americans, having an average age of 33.5 in comparison to the American national average of 37.7. Albanian-Americans also have a higher percentage of males than non-Albanian Americans with 52.1% of the community being male versus the American national average of 49.2%. [38]

Albanian-born population

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Albanian-born population in the U.S. since 2010 (excludes Albanians born in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro):[39]

Year Number
2010 77,407
2011  86,010
2012  83,746
2013  81,047
2014  81,622
2015  89,744
2016  93,033

Schools and language preservation

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New York City Public Schools started teaching Albanian language in the late 2010s; the language was offered to PS 105 in Morris Park, Bronx.[40] Starting in 2024, Albanian language is taught at an Albanian and Montenegrin American cultural center to roughly 60 children in Ridgewood, Queens, NYC, entitled the "Fol Shqip School," and Mercy College is the only college known to be teaching Albanian courses in New York City.[41][42]

Notable people

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of Albanian Americans.

Selected people:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Table B04006 - SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: People Reporting Ancestry". United States Census Bureau.
  2. ^ a b c "Albanian population by state". World Population Review/U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Nedelkoska 2015, p. 17.
  4. ^ "People Reporting Ancestry". U.S. Census.
  5. ^ a b "Albanians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "Table B01003 - TOTAL POPULATION Universe: Total population 2011-2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
  7. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Table B04003 - Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported - 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  8. ^ "1990 Census of Population: Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 15. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
  10. ^ "Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups." Albanians. Pages 23-28. Harvard University, 1980.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. (1980). "Albanians". Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–28. ISBN 0674375122. OCLC 1038430174.
  12. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (December 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. ISBN 978-0300182576.
  13. ^ The Encyclopedia of New York State. p. 40.
  14. ^ a b Mayer, p. 1.
  15. ^ McGinnis, p. 219.
  16. ^ a b Vickers, Miranda. The Cham Issue - Where to Now? (PDF). Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  17. ^ Chameria Human Rights Association (2009). "Official site of the Chameria Human Rights Association" (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  18. ^ "Zëri i Çamërisë - Voice of Chameria". chameriaorganization.blogspot.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  19. ^ Thernstrom, p.25
  20. ^ Fischer, Bernd J. "Albanian refugees seeking political asylum in the United States: process and problems" in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31.1 (2005)
  21. ^ Trix, Albanians in Michigan, p. 12.
  22. ^ "Cities with the Largest Albanian Community in the United States". Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  23. ^ "Albanians in the New York Metro Area" (PDF).
  24. ^ "Cities with the Largest Albanian Community in Pennsylvania". ZipAtlas and U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  25. ^ Meiser, Rebecca (November 29, 2006). "Destination Lakewood: How a bar town became an immigration hot spot". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c d "Cities with the Largest Albanian Community in Florida". Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  27. ^ "Albanian Islamic Cultural Center of Clearwater". Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  28. ^ "Benefactor's fortune is future for mosque". Tampa Bay Times. April 20, 1996.
  29. ^ "Zip Code 75075". ZipAtlas.
  30. ^ Ueda, Reed (21 September 2017). America's Changing Neighborhoods [3 Volumes]: An Exploration of Diversity Through Places [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781440828652.
  31. ^ "Albanian Americans in MO". ZipAtlas. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  32. ^ "Reported Ancestry". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  33. ^ "Albtequesa.org". Albtequesa.org. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  34. ^ "Largest Albanian communities in Tennessee". ZipAtlas and U.S. Census.
  35. ^ "Cafe Balkan AZ". Cafe Balkan AZ. 2024.
  36. ^ "Percentage of Albanian population". ZipAtlas/U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  37. ^ "Albanian Americans by zip code in WA". Zipatlas/U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  38. ^ Nedelkoska 2015, p. 3.
  39. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2018-08-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  40. ^ "NYC schools to offer instruction in Albanian, numerous other languages". New York Post. 4 May 2018.
  41. ^ Redaksia, Shrkuar Nga (January 10, 2024). "USA: "Fol Shqip" school opens in Queens, New York". Vox News.
  42. ^ Ramirez, Noelle. "Mercy is the Only College Offering Albanian in New York". The Impact News.

Further reading

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  • Federal Writers' Project, Works Project Administration (WPA) of Massachusetts. The Albanian Struggle in the Old World and New (1939).
  • Fischer, Bernd J. “Albanian Refugees Seeking Political Asylum in the United States: Process and Problems.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31#1 (2005): 193–208.
  • Jurgens, Jane. "Albanian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 61–73. Online
  • Ragaru, Nadège, and Amilda Dymi. “The Albanian-American Community in the United States: A Diaspora Coming to Visibility.” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 31, nos. 1–2 (2004): 45–63.
  • Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674375122, pp 23–28 Online free to borrow
  • Trix, Frances. The Albanians in Michigan: A Proud People from Southeast Europe (Michigan State University Press, 2001).

Websites

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