Ambela campaign

Ambela campaign
	Part of the North-West Frontier Wars
	; A British picket and camp during the expedition
Date	1863–1864
Location	Buffer zone between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province of British India
Result	British Indian victory
Belligerents
British Empire India;	State of Swat; Yusufzai; Bunerwal tribe
Commanders and leaders
Neville Bowles Chamberlain (WIA); John Garvock; John Paton Davidson †; Henry Howard Chapman †	Saidu Baba; Sultan Muhammad Khan Sardar Darwiz Khan
Strength
6,000 reinforced by 4800;	15,000 men
Casualties and losses
3,000+ casualties including 1,000+ British	Unknown

The Ambela campaign (also called Umbeyla, Umbeylah, and Ambeyla) of 1863 was one of many expeditions in the border area between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India against the 'fanatics' at Malka, a colony of malcontents or muslims in the Yusufzai country.^[4]^[5]^[6]

A force led by Neville Bowles Chamberlain planned to destroy Malka. They set up an operational base in the Chamla Valley which could be reached via the Ambela Pass, but they were soon bogged down by a numerically superior local force, and were attacked by the Swati, Bunerwal and Hindustani tribesmen.^[7] Reinforcements drafted in by the local Commander-in-Chief eventually pursued a diplomatic resolution, they approached the Bunerwals and various Khans and leaders to accept peace and went on to burn a house in Malka with tribal permission and were conditioned to withdraw from the territory of Buner. The expedition broke the power of the 'fanatics' but resulted in the loss of 1,000 British casualties and an unknown number of Indian casualties.^[8]^[9]

Background

The Pashtuns had been a constant thorn to the British government since the annexation of the region, who had raided and ravaged until it invited expeditions to subdue them.^[10] However, in previous expeditions the Pashtun tribesman had always managed to escape into the hills.^[11] In 1858, an expedition led by Sir Sydney Cotton drove them from their base.

By 1863, however, the 'Hindustani fanatics' had regrouped around the mountain outpost of Malka.

The Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab authorised an expedition of 6,000 men under Brigadier General Neville Bowles Chamberlain to destroy Malka. The Lieutenant Governor acted without consulting the Commander-in-Chief of the Frontier Force. Chamberlain chose the Chamla Valley as his operational base and the Ambela Pass as the main access. He chose this valley as the access as he believed that the local Bunerwal people were friendly to British forces; this turned out to be a false impression as the Pashtuns had persuaded the Bunerwals that the British would annex their land if they failed to put up a defence.^[12]

Expedition

The first Peshawar column reached the Ambela Pass on 20 October, after struggling on rough terrain, and the rear of the column took another two days to reach the base.^[12]

On 22 October a reconnaissance was attacked by some Bunerwal tribesman. As a result, Chamberlain proceeded to fortify his position in the pass on two rocky outcrops, but Eagle's Nest and Crag Piquet could only hold small numbers of men.^[12] The locals had amassed a force of some 15,000 tribesmen consisting of Swatis, Bunerwals and Hindustanis. On 30 October Crag Piquet was the scene of fierce hand-to-hand fighting that saw two Victoria Crosses awarded, to George Fosbery and Henry Pitcher. It fell to the Pashtuns three times in the next four weeks, but was retaken by British forces on each occasion. On the 18th or 20th of November, Chamberlain was seriously wounded whilst attempting to take Crag Picquet. Due to the lowered British morale and high casualties, a repeat of the 1841 disaster at Kabul was feared so a decision was made to withdraw, but still refused by Chamberlain.^[13]^[8]

Reinforcements were gradually drafted in on the orders of Commander-in-Chief Sir Hugh Rose, who replaced Chamberlain with Major General John Garvock on 6 December.^[12]

Garvock led a two-column attack consisting of 4,800 men supported by the 11th Bengal Cavalry led by another VC Colonel Dighton Probyn VC that attempted break out of the pass.^[14] The rebels had also suffered heavily in the fighting around Crag Picket and loyalties were beginning to waver. The breakout was achieved on 15 December and a prominent position 'Conical Hill' which protected the approach was taken after another desperate fight and the Pushtuns retreated ending the campaign.^[1]

Aftermath

Umbeyla village was entered by the British on the following day and burned and an agreement reached with local tribesmen that the latter would destroy the rebel stronghold at Malka.^[15] The Bunerwals settled for peace with Garvock and he sent a party to burn a mud house in Malka "for reasons of prestige". The British had restored peace and had broken the power of the 'fanatics' but at the cost of 1,000 casualties and conditioned to withdraw from Buner.^[8]^[9]^[14]^[16]

Oil canvas depiction of war between the Yusufzai Afghans and British Empire

Expedition Timeline

On 18 October, General Chamberlain ordered movement of the troops through Surkawi or Ambela pass
On 30 October 1863, the Akhund and the tribes in a combined attack captured Crag picquet, the most important post for the colonial troops, which after severe fighting was retaken by the colonial troops.
Due to the complexity of the situation, Sir Hugh Rose, the Commander-in-Chief of India, arrived at Lahore on 14 November 1863, and directed the expedition himself.
On 20 November 1863, for the third and last time, Crag picquet was taken and retaken by the Afghan tribes and colonial troops respectively. In this contest, General Chamberlain, commander of the colonial troops, was wounded and became unable to lead his force.
On 10 December 1863, the Buner jirga arrived.
On 14 December, in their final reply rejected the colonial British terms.
Skirmishes was continued on 15 & 16 December, 1863.
On 17 December 1863, the Buner jirga again arrived, accepted the terms, and returned after leaving their greater portion in the camp.
The British party escorted by the tribal jirga advanced from Ambela on 19 December, and returned after the destruction of Malka on 23rd December.
The expedition originally planned as a three weeks expedition took about three months with considerably high casualties on both sides.

References

^ ^a ^b Stewart 2006, p. 183.
^ Jalal 2009, p. 115.
^ State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)
^ Indian State Railways Magazine:Volume 7, Issues 1-3. Indian State Railways Magazine. 1933.
^ Karimi, Christine Noelle (1997). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780700706297. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ N.-W.F. Province Gazetteers: Volume 6, Part 1. the University of California. 1931.
^ T. Moreman · (1998). The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849-1947. p. 24.
^ ^a ^b ^c Donald Featherstone (1973) Colonial Small Wars 1837-1901
^ ^a ^b Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad. (2022) The Ambela Expedition 1863: A military failure but a Political triumph; An appraisal. Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
^ Nag, Moni (12 May 2011). Population and Social Organization. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110822168.
^ "Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society". 7 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arthur, Max; p.104
^ Richards 1990, p. 71.
^ ^a ^b Arthur, Max; p.105
^ Richards 1990, p. 72.
^ Barthorp 2002, p. 62.

Sources

Barthorp, Michael (2002). Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839-1947. Cassell. ISBN 9780304362943.
Jalal, Ayesha (2009). Partisans of Allah Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674039070.
Richards, D.S. (1990). The Savage Frontier, A History of the Anglo-Afghan Wars. London: Pan MacMillan. ISBN 0-330-42052-6.
Stewart, Jules (2006). The Khyber Rifles From the British Raj to Al Qaeda. History Press. ISBN 9780752495583.
Ziad, Waleed (2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6.