The Ashokavadana (Sanskrit: अशोकावदान; IAST: Aśokāvadāna; "Narrative of Ashoka") is an Indian Sanskrit-language text that describes the birth and reign of the third Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. It glorifies Ashoka as a Buddhist emperor whose only ambition was to spread Buddhism far and wide.[2]
| Author | Possibly Buddhist monks of the Mathura region |
|---|---|
| Language | Sanskrit |
| Series | Divyavadana |
| Subject | Life of King Ashoka |
| Genre | Fictional narrative |
Publication date | 4-5th century[1] |
Ashokavadana, also known as Ashokarajavadana, is one of the avadana texts contained in the Divyavadana (Divyāvadāna, "Divine Narrative"), an anthology of several Buddhist narratives. According to Jean Przyluski, the text was composed by the Buddhist monks of the Mathura region, as it highly praises the city of Mathura, its monasteries, and its monks.[3][4]
Date of composition
editThere are several versions of Ashokavadana, dating from 5th century CE to 16th century CE.[5] Some date the earliest finished form of the text back to 2nd century CE, although its oral origins may go back to 2nd century BCE.[6]
The extant version of Ashokavadana is a part of Divyavadana, a Sanskrit-language anthology of Buddhist narratives. The ancient Chinese translations A-yu wang chuan (c. 300 CE) and A-yu wang ching (c. 512 CE) both suggest that it once existed as an independent text.[7]
Translations
editAshokavadana was translated into Chinese by An Faqin (安法欽) in 300 CE as A-yu wang chuan (阿育王传, the narrative of King Ashoka), and later as Ayu wang ching (zh:阿育王经) by Sanghapala in 512 CE.[7] A-yu wang chuan was translated into French by Jean Przyluski[7] in 1923.
Annotated sections of the Ashokavadana are part of Rajendralala Mitra's (1822–91) "The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal".[8] Mitra extensively uses the translation made by M. E. Burnouf.[citation needed]
An English translation of Ashokavadana by John S. Strong was published in 1983 by Princeton University (Princeton University Press).[9]
Narratives
editLife of Upagupta
editThe text begins with the stories about the Buddhist monk Upagupta, who eventually becomes Ashoka's spiritual teacher. It describes one of Upagupta's past lives, his present early life as the son of a perfume merchant in Mathura. It then describes his youth, including his encounters with a courtesan named Vasavadatta. Finally, it talks about his ordination as a monk and his conversion of the demon Mara.[7]
Early life of Ashoka
edit
Next, the text describes one of Ashoka's previous births, when he was named Jaya. It states that Jaya met Gautama Buddha as a young boy, and gave him a bowl of dirt, dreaming that the dirt is food. The Buddha then predicted that several years after his parinirvana, the boy would be born as a chakravarti king ruling from Pataliputra.[4] The text then moves to Ashoka's present life as a son of king Bindusara.[10]
In the text, Ashoka's father dislikes him because of his ugliness, although a fortune-teller predicts that Ashoka would become the next king.[10] Indeed, Ashoka kills his step-brother - the legitimate heir - by tricking him into entering a pit with live coals, and becomes the king.[4] He turns out to be an oppressive and cruel ruler, becoming notorious as "Ashoka the Fierce".[10] He has 500 of his ministers killed, because he believes them to be not loyal enough, and has 500 women in his harem burnt to death because some of them insult him.[4] He builds Ashoka's Hell, where people are randomly tortured and killed. One day, he encounters a Buddhist monk, who is not troubled by any of the sufferings, and is able to perform magical feats. Impressed by the monk, Ashoka converts to Buddhism, becomes a pious man and builds 84,000 stupas, becoming famous as "Ashoka the Righteous" (Dharma-Ashoka).[10]
Ashoka's Buddhist kingship
editThe text then describes in detail the efforts of Ashoka towards the expansion of Buddhism: Ashoka first converts his brother Vitashoka to Buddhism, and teaches his minister Yashas to honor the Buddhist monks. Next, he meets Upagupta and goes on a pilgrimage to the holy places associated with the Gautama Buddha's life, accompanied by Upagupta. He then visits the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha was enlightened.[10] Every five years, he holds a great festival to entertain Buddhist monks. During the festival, he meets Pindola Bharadvaja, an arhat (enlightened saint) who personally knew the Buddha and who had extended his own lifespan using supernatural powers in order to propagate the Buddha's teachings.[11]
Story of Kunala
editThe text then narrates the story of Ashoka's son Kunala: the prince is a handsome and righteous man loved by his father. As a result of a plot hatched by his step-mother Tisyaraksita, Kunala is blinded while away from the royal capital. He attains enlightenment, and wanders as a beggar, earning living by singing and playing veena. He eventually returns to the capital, and meets his father.[12]
Ashoka's last days
editThe text describes Ashoka's last days as follows: Ashoka becomes terminally ill, and starts making generous donations to Buddhist monks using state funds. In order to prevent him from emptying the royal treasury, his ministers deny him access to the state funds. Ashoka then starts donating his personal wealth, but is similarly restricted from doing so. On his deathbed, his only possession is half of a myrobalan fruit, which he offers to the Buddhist sangha (monastic community) as his final donation. He then dies with no possessions left to his name.[12]
Description of violence by Ashoka
editAshokavadana mentions two incidents of Ashoka turning towards violence after adopting Buddhism. In one instance, a non-Buddhist in Pundravardhana drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of Nirgrantha Jnatiputra (identified with Mahavira, the 24th Arihant of Jainism). On complaint from a Buddhist devotee, Ashoka issued an order to arrest him, and subsequently, another order to kill all the Ajivikas in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order.[13] Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in Pataliputra drew a similar picture. Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house.[14] He also announced an award of one dinara (silver coin) to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic. According to Ashokavadana, as a result of this order, his own brother, Vitashoka, was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd. Their ministers advised him that "this is an example of the suffering that is being inflicted even on those who are free from desire" and that he "should guarantee the security of all beings". After this, Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions.[15]
According to K. T. S. Sarao and Benimadhab Barua, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.[16][17][18] Ashoka's own inscriptions Barabar Caves record his generous donations and patronage to Ajivikas.[19]
Description of Pushyamitra
editThe Ashokavadana ends with the story of Pushyamitra (185–151 BCE), the Shunga king whose rule succeeded the Mauryan empire[20] and whom it describes as a descendant of Ashoka. Pushyamitra persecutes Buddhist monks, thus trying to undo Ashoka's legacy.[12]
Sampadin's son was Bṛhaspati who, in turn, had a son named Vṛṣasena, and Vṛṣasena had a son named Puṣyadharman, and Pusyadharman begot Pusyamitra...... With the death of Pusyamitra, the Mauryan lineage came to an end.
--Aśokāvadāna[21]
Other sources state Pushyamitra was not a member of the Maurya family.[22] The narrative has often been quoted for its description of Pushyamitra as an enemy of the Buddhist faith, which had previously been officially supported by the Mauryan empire:[20]
... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed. ...After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.
Like other portions of the text, these accounts are regarded by many historians as being exaggerated.[23]
References
edit- ^ Kurt A. Behrendt, ed. (2007). The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 44. ISBN 9781588392244.
- ^ Kenneth Pletcher (15 August 2010). The History of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-61530-122-5. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ Jean Przyluski (1923). La légende de l'empereur Açoka (Açoka-Avadâna) dans les textes indiens et chinois (in French). 1924. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Upinder Singh 2008, p. 332.
- ^ Kurt A. Behrendt, ed. (2007). The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 44. ISBN 9781588392244.
- ^ Coleman, Simon and John Elsner (1995), Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Page 173.
- ^ a b c d John S. Strong 1989, p. 16.
- ^ Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, Introd. Dr. Alok Ray, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, Calcutta 1882
- ^ The Legend of King Asoka. Princeton University Press. 19 April 2016. ISBN 9780691634050. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e John S. Strong 1989, p. 17.
- ^ John S. Strong 1989, pp. 17–18.
- ^ a b c John S. Strong 1989, p. 18.
- ^ John S. Strong 1989, p. 232.
- ^ Beni Madhab Barua (5 May 2010). The Ajivikas. General Books. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-152-74433-2. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ John S. Strong 1989.
- ^ Steven L. Danver, ed. (22 December 2010). Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-59884-078-0. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ Le Phuoc (March 2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9844043-0-8. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ Benimadhab Barua (5 May 2010). The Ajivikas. University of Calcutta. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-152-74433-2. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ Nayanjot Lahiri (2015). Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-674-05777-7.
- ^ a b John S. Strong 1989, p. 293.
- ^ Strong, John S. (1989). The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 292, 294. ISBN 978-81-208-0616-0.
- ^ Nayanjot Lahiri (2015). Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-674-91525-1.
- ^ Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya (2007). Class and Religion in Ancient India. Anthem Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-84331-727-2. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Bibliography
edit- John S. Strong (1989). The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0616-0. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.