Bernard Ades (July 3, 1903 – May 27, 1986) was an American Communist who is most known for his defense of Euel Lee, an African American accused of murdering a white family in Maryland in 1931. During a murder trial which was still heavily influenced by "Jim Crow" laws, Ades set precedents that allowed a change of venue outside a highly prejudiced environment, and he fought for the right to have African Americans serve on jury panels.
Bernard Ades | |
|---|---|
 Ades in 1933 | |
| Born | July 3, 1903 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | May 27, 1986 (aged 82) |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Spouses | Mary Ethel Hechler Dora Rubinfine Ziebel |
| Children | 2 |
| Military Career | |
| Allegiance |  Spanish Republic |
| Service |  International Brigades |
| Rank | First Lieutenant |
| Unit | The "Abraham Lincoln" XV International Brigade |
| Battles / wars | Spanish Civil War |
Early life
editBernard Ades was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the second child of Harry and Fanny Levine Ades. His father, a Russian born and devout traditionalist Jew, moved to America and started an umbrella manufacturing business with his brother, Simon Ades.[1] This would later be of significance during the McCarthy Era when Bernard Ades would be put under special surveillance for his ties to Russia and his Communist beliefs.
Education
editAdes graduated from Baltimore City College (a secondary school). Afterward, he attended the University of Maryland Law School for his LLB and later earned a bachelor's degree in economics at Johns Hopkins University.[2]
Life and career
editLegal career
editAdes was a part of the Communist Party which influenced the types of legal cases he took. For the Euel Lee, “Orphan Jones” Case in 1931, Ades was employed by the International Labor Defense (affiliated with the Communist Party) in a campaign against lynching. Among others he represented Euel Lee (aka Orphan Jones) whose capital case captured national attention.
Euel Lee, an African American farmhand, was accused of murdering a white family of four for refusing to pay his full wages. The case took place in the Eastern Shore of Maryland, still heavily influenced by Jim Crow Laws with institutionalized discrimination. The tactics that Ades used to ensure a fair trial brought him infamy in Maryland and resulted in one instance of being mobbed and beaten.[3][4]
Though Ades won his client a change of venue, two new trials and the right to have African Americans on jury panels,[5] Ades lost the trial and Lee was soon after executed by hanging on October 28, 1933. However, his defense of Lee set precedents that would be used throughout the civil rights movement.[6]
A fight ensued over the body where Ades demanded the right to bury Euel Lee in New York as he was granted the right to his client's body in Lee's last will and testament. Fearing riots and further racial unrest, Ades was denied the right to bury the body in New York and is currently interred in an unmarked grave in Brooklyn, Maryland.[7]
Charges of unprofessional conduct were lodged in Maryland and before the US Bar for his handling of the case, and the ensuing social unrest which the coverage of the case caused.[8] Ades were defended by Charles Houston of Howard University Law School and by “Young Thurgood” Marshall of the NAACP. This also set a precedent as the first case of a white man being defended in court by an African American.[9]
The Maryland Bar publicly reprimanded Ades for his conduct while also praising his defense of Lee:
"It does not seem to the court that the extreme punishment of disbarment should be inflicted. Much that *482 is blameworthy in the respondent's conduct carries its own antidote, for no one can succeed at the bar who comports himself as he has done. Taking into consideration the unquestioned service rendered in the Lee case, the injuries which the respondent suffered at the hands of lawless men while acting as counsel in that case, and the fact that he has already suffered a suspension from the bar of this court for approximately five months, it is believed that a public reprimand will suffice. This will be the judgment of the court." (RE Ades Court Case)
Re Ades sets the precedent that organizations could provide counsel to individuals, thus setting up the later defense for the NAACP in the school desegregation cases of the 1960s.
Brief political aspirations
editIn 1934 Ades ran for Governor of Maryland on the Communist Party ticket and received less than 8,000 votes.[10] Despite the support of the African American community,[11] he lost by a significant margin.
Military volunteer
editOn February 20, 1937 Ades sailed to Spain on the SS Île de France to join in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Loyalists. Later he was commissioned as a First Lieutenant and served as Company Commissar in the Lincoln Brigade which was part of a volunteer based military organization known as the International Brigades who were dedicated to fighting fascism. He fought in the battles of Brunete, Villanueva, Pardillo and at Fuentes de Ebro. He returned to the United States on September 30, 1937 aboard the SS Normandie.[12]
Later years
editAfter returning to the United States, Ades was employed as an auditor with the Federal Housing Authority by 1940. Following his exposure by Congressman Del’Assandro of Baltimore for being a Communist, he was forced to resign in 1941 and was placed on J. Edgar Hoover’s list for security detention in case of war.
In 1941 New York State certified Ades as a Public Accountant[13] and he practiced out of offices at 505 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY. His clients included Our World magazine (published by his best friend John P. Davis), United Electrical Workers, the American Soviet Trading Organization (AMTORG), and the Communist Party of the United States of America as well as a slew of smaller left wing organizations.
Active in the Bronx Reform Democrats Ades served as a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention. He opposed the war in Vietnam, participated in the marches on Washington against it and helped start the Dump Johnson movement in the Bronx.
In 1940, the FBI began their surveillance of Ades which only ceased when he entered Isabella House, a nursing home, in 1979. He died there and was buried in Baltimore Hebrew Congregation Cemetery, 2100 Belair Road, Maryland.
Personal
editAn early marriage was dissolved by divorce. In 1935 Ades married Mary Ethel Hechler, also a Communist Party devotee and had two daughters, Janet and Judith. Widowed in 1959 he married Dora Rubinfine Ziebel who predeceased him by four years.
Documentary
edit“Red Father” is a documentary directed by Tova Beck-Friedman which explores the life of Ades through the eyes of his daughter Janet. She admires his wisdom, his generosity and his world outlook, and though as a child she thought him larger than life, as an adult she questions his ideology, its implementation and her father's Communist involvement. Throughout his trial and later tribulations, Ades remained true to his ideals.
References
edit- ^ Marcus, Jacob Rader (January 1, 1990). United States Jewry, 1776-1985 (1st ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0814321867.
- ^ "Bernard Ades". www.alba-valb.org. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Governor's Aid Sought in Case of Orphan Jones". The Afro American. 7 November 1931.
- ^ "Governor Will "Wash Hands" in Murder Case". The Afro American. November 14th, 1931. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Guard Lee Judges After 'Crank's' Note". The Sunday Morning Star. 24 Jan 2934. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ José F. (2009). "Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston".McGeorge Law Review 40 (25): 25–54. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Moore, Joseph E. (7 Nov 2011). Murder on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Race, Politics and the Case of Orphan Jones. The History Press. pp. 160, 202–204.ISBN 9781614230953. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Matthews, Ralph (December 15, 1934). "Watching the Big Parade". The Afro American. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Burghardt Du Bois, William Edward (1973). The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois: Selections, 1877-1934. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781558491038. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Bernard Ades Promises Something". The Afro American. 13 October 1934. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Bernard Ades to Speak at Forum" (November 24, 1934). Baltimore Afro-American. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Bernard Ades". The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives. Plone CMS. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Anderson, Joseph Felipe (2009). "Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston". McGeorge Law Review. 40: 25–39.