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Binyam Mohamed

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Binyam Ahmed Mohamed (Amharic: ብንያም መሐመድ, Arabic: بنيام محمد, born 24 July 1978), also referred to as Benjamin Mohammed, Benyam Mohammed or Benyam Mohammed al-Habashi, is an Ethiopian national and United Kingdom resident, who was detained as a suspected enemy combatant by the US Government in Guantanamo Bay prison between 2004 and 2009 without charges.[2] He was arrested in Pakistan and transported first to Morocco under the US's extraordinary rendition program, where he claimed to have been interrogated under torture.

Binyam Ahmed Mohamed
Born (1978-07-24) 24 July 1978 (age 46)[1]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Detained at The dark prison, Temara interrogation centre, Ain Aouda secret prison, Guantanamo
Other name(s) Benjamin Mohammed,
Benyam (Ahmed) Mohammed,
Benyam Mohammed al-Habashi
ISN1458
Charge(s)All charges dropped
StatusReleased

After some time, Mohamed was transferred to military custody at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Mohamed's military Personal Representative at the time of his Combatant Status Review Tribunal reported that he had said that he had gone to train in the Al Farouq training camp only in order to train to fight in Chechnya.[3] Mohamed also said that the evidence against him was obtained using torture and later denied any confession.[3][4]

The US dropped its charges against him, and eventually released him. He arrived in the United Kingdom on 23 February 2009. Together with other detainees, he took legal action against the UK government for collusion by MI5 and MI6 in his torture by the United States. In February 2010, the UK Court of Appeal ruled that he had been subjected to "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment by the United States authorities"[5] in which the British Intelligence services had been complicit. The UK government agreed to pay an undisclosed sum in compensation in November 2010.

Early life and background

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Born in Ethiopia, Mohamed immigrated to Canada in 1995, where he sought political asylum. He lived there for seven years with leave to remain while his application was resolved. He was seeking Permanent Resident status.[6]

Travel to Asia

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In June 2001, Mohamed travelled to Afghanistan, for reasons which are in dispute. He and his supporters said that he had gone to conquer his drug problems and to see Muslim countries "with his own eyes". The British and U.S. authorities contend, and the Personal Representative's initial interview notes record, that Mohamed admitted receiving paramilitary training in the al Farouq training camp run by al-Qaeda.[7] He admitted to military training, but said that it was to fight with the Muslim resistance in Chechnya against the Russians, which was not illegal.[3] Mohamed said that he had made false statements while being tortured in Pakistani jails.

Arrest and detention

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On 10 April 2002, Mohamed was arrested at Pakistan's Karachi airport by Pakistani authorities as a suspected terrorist, while attempting to return to the UK under a false passport.[8] Mohamed contends that he was subjected to extraordinary rendition by the United States, and entered a "ghost prison system" run by US intelligence agents[9] in Pakistan, Morocco[10] and Afghanistan. While he was held in Morocco, he said that interrogators tortured him by repeatedly using scalpels or razor blades to cut his penis and chest.[11]

On 19 September 2004, Mohamed was taken by U.S. military authorities from Bagram airbase in Afghanistan to their Guantánamo Bay detention camp at their Navy base in Cuba. He says that he was "routinely humiliated and abused and constantly lied to" there.[12]

In February 2005, he was placed in Camp V, the harsh "super-maximum" facility where, reports suggest, "uncooperative" detainees are held. He was told that he would be required to testify against other detainees.[13]

Mohamed's British barrister, Clive Stafford Smith, legal director of Reprieve said that Mohamed participated in lengthy hunger strikes in 2005 to protest against the harsh conditions and lack of access to any judicial review.[14] The hunger strike started in July 2005, and resumed in August 2005 because the detainees believed the US authorities failed to keep promises to meet their demands.

From a written statement by Mohamed dated 11 August 2005:

The administration promised that if we gave them 10 days, they would bring the prison into compliance with the Geneva conventions. They said this had been approved by Donald Rumsfeld himself in Washington DC. As a result of these promises, we agreed to end the strike on July 28. It is now August 11. They have betrayed our trust (again). Hisham from Tunisia was savagely beaten in his interrogation and they publicly desecrated the Qur'an (again). Saad from Kuwait was ERF'd [subjected to the Extreme Reaction Force] for refusing to go (again) to interrogation because the female interrogator had sexually humiliated him (again) for 5 hours _ Therefore, the strike must begin again.[15][16]

Charged with conspiracy

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Ten Presidentially authorised Military Commissions were convened in the former terminal building of the disused airfield on the Guantanamo Naval Base's Eastern Peninsula.
 
The U.S. Government planned to house up to 80 of the new Congressionally authorised Military Commissions in a $12 million tent city.

On 7 November 2005, Mohamed was charged by a military commission at Guantanamo with conspiracy. The complaint alleges that Mohamed was trained in Kabul to build dirty bombs (weapons combining conventional explosives with radioactive material intended to be dispersed over a large area). According to the complaint, he "was planning terror attacks against high-rise apartment buildings in the United States and was arrested at an airport in Pakistan, attempting to go to London while using a forged passport."[17]

At the start of his military commission, Mohamed chose to represent himself. He protested against the commissions, and said he was not the person charged because the Prosecution had spelled his name incorrectly. He held up a sign "con mission" and stated: "This is not a commission, it's a con mission, It's a mission to con the world."[18]

In mid-2006, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that the President lacked the constitutional authority to create military commissions outside the regular federal and military justice systems, and they were unconstitutional. Mohamed's military commission was halted.

In late 2008, the United States Department of Defense (DOD) filed new charges against Mohamed after the United States Congress authorised new military commissions under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 to respond to the Supreme Court ruling.

On 21 October 2008, Susan J. Crawford, the official in charge of the Office of Military Commissions, announced that charges were dropped against Mohamed and four other captives, Jabran al Qahtani, Ghassan al Sharbi, Sufyian Barhoumi, and Noor Uthman Muhammed.[19][20]

Carol J. Williams, writing in the Los Angeles Times, reported that all five men had been connected to Abu Zubaydah—one of the three captives the CIA has acknowledged was interrogated using the controversial technique known as waterboarding. Williams quoted the men's attorneys, who anticipated the five men would be re-charged within thirty days.[20] They told Williams that "prosecutors called the move procedural", and attributed it to the resignation of fellow Prosecutor Darrel Vandeveld, who resigned on ethical grounds. Williams reported that Clive Stafford Smith speculated that the Prosecution's dropping of the charges, and plans to re-file charges later, was intended to counter and disarm the testimony Vandeveld was anticipated to offer that the Prosecution had withheld exculpatory evidence.

Accusations of abusive incarceration and UK complicity

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In December 2005, the declassification of his lawyer's notes permitted Mohamed's additional claims of abusive interrogation to be made public.[21] He said that he had been transported by the US to a black site known as "the dark prison" in Kabul, where captives were permanently chained to the wall, kept in constant darkness, and was subjected to Dr. Dre and "The Real Slim Shady" by Eminem at extremely loud levels for 20 days.[22]

Mohamed's attorneys reported that he had been subjected to "extraordinary rendition", transferred to Morocco, where he was tortured, in addition to the CIA interrogation centres in Afghanistan, prior to his transfer to Guantánamo in 2004.[11][23]

On 21 June 2008, The New York Times reported that the UK Government had sent a letter to Clive Stafford Smith, confirming that it had information about Mohamed's allegations of abuse.[24] On 28 July, his lawyers filed a petition in a UK court to compel the Foreign Office to turn over the evidence of Mohamed's abuse.[25] They also filed a petition with the Irish government for the records of his illegal air transport over Ireland. On 21 August, the High Court of the United Kingdom found in Mohamed's favour, ruling that the Foreign Office should disclose this material. The judges said of the information that it was "not only necessary but essential for his defence".[26][27]

Although the documents were disclosed to Mohamed's legal counsel as ordered, they were not released to the general public.[28] The High Court later found in favour of the Foreign Secretary to prevent the publication of these materials.[29] The reasons given were that—even if it was unreasonable for it to affect international relations—if the Foreign Secretary thought it was going to harm the special intelligence relationship with the United States, it would not be in the public interest.[30]

In February 2009, CBC News reported that Mohamed had described being warned to cooperate by two women, who represented themselves as Canadians.[31] Each woman had represented herself as a third-party intervener, who warned Mohamed that she thought he should co-operate. Each suggested he should answer the Americans' questions fully, or he was likely to be tortured. According to the CBC report, Canada had an obligation to object if it determined that the Americans had falsely represented US security officials as Canadians, as a ploy to trick Mohamed into confessing.

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On 7 August 2007, the British Foreign Secretary David Miliband requested that the US release Mohamed and four other Guantánamo detainees, all of whom had been granted refugee status or other legal right to remain in the United Kingdom, prior to their capture by US forces.[32] Previously, the British government had only sought the release of British citizens, not residents.

Civil suit

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On 1 August 2007, Mohamed joined a civil suit filed with the assistance of the American Civil Liberties Union under the United States' Alien Tort Statute against Jeppesen Dataplan, which had operated the planes that carried him during extraordinary rendition.[33][34][35][36][37] The defendant in the case was a Boeing subsidiary accused of arranging extraordinary rendition flights for the CIA. Mohamed had a joint lawsuit with four other plaintiffs: Bisher Al-Rawi, Abou Elkassim Britel, Ahmed Agiza, and Mohamed Farag Ahmad Bashmilah.

Accepting the argument of the Obama administration that hearing the case would divulge state secrets, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed the lawsuit on 8 September 2010.[38]

Release

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On 7 August 2007, the United Kingdom government requested the release of Binyam Mohamed and four other men who had been legal British residents.[39] He was not released however, and in June 2008 the U.S. military announced they were formally charging him. Later that year, he went on a hunger strike to protest his continued detention. On 16 January 2009, The Independent reported that Mohamed had told his lawyers he had been told to prepare for return to the United Kingdom.[40] The Independent quoted a recently declassified note from Mohamed: "It has come to my attention through several reliable sources that my release from Guantánamo to the UK had been ordered several weeks ago. It is a cruel tactic of delay to suspend my travel till the last days of this [Bush] administration while I should have been home a long time ago."[40]

In an interview with Jon Snow of Channel 4 News on 9 February, Mohamed's assigned military defence lawyer, Lt-Col Yvonne Bradley, asserted that there was no doubt that Mohamed had been tortured, and that Britain and the US were complicit in his torture.[41] Bradley subsequently took up his case directly with British Foreign Secretary David Miliband on 11 February.[42] According to Agence France Presse, Mohamed had been on a hunger strike but had stopped on 5 February, when his lawyers informed him he could soon expect transfer to the UK.[43] He was visited on 14 and 15 February by a delegation of UK officials, including a doctor who confirmed he was healthy enough to be flown back to England. On 23 February, almost seven years after his arrest, Mohamed was repatriated from Guantánamo to the UK, where he was released after questioning.[44]

Allegations of MI5 collusion

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Two weeks after Mohamed's release, the BBC published claims that the British domestic security service MI5 had colluded with his interrogators. They provided specific questions and his responses led to his making false confessions of terrorist activities. In a first memo, an MI5 agent asked for a name to be put to Mohamed and for him to be questioned further about that person. A second telegram concerned another interrogation. The legal organisation Reprieve, which represents Mohamed, said its client was shown the MI5 telegrams by his military lawyer Yvonne Bradley. While the claims of MI5 collusion were being investigated by the British government, the Shadow Justice Secretary, Dominic Grieve, called for a judicial inquiry into the allegations and for the matter to be referred to the police. Shami Chakrabarti, director of campaign group Liberty said: "These are more than allegations – these are pieces of a puzzle that are being put together. It makes an immediate criminal investigation absolutely inescapable."[45]

On 12 March 2009, in an op-ed piece in The Guardian, the analyst Timothy Garton Ash called for Mohamed's claims of torture and MI5 collusion to be referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions. He said that any other decision "will inevitably be interpreted as a political cover-up."[46] On 10 February 2010, the UK Court of Appeal ruled that material held by the UK Foreign Secretary must be revealed. "MI5 knew that Binyam Mohamed, the former Guantanamo detainee, was being tortured by the CIA, a Court of Appeal judgment has revealed." The court opinion noted:

...cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment by the United States authorities.

The treatment reported, if had been administered on behalf of the United Kingdom, would clearly have been in breach of the undertakings given by the United Kingdom in 1972 [in the UN convention on torture].

Combined with the sleep deprivation, threats and inducements were made to him. His fears of being removed from United States custody and ‘disappearing’ were played upon.[5]

The former detainees' suit against the government for the collusion of MI5 and MI6 in the unlawful treatment by the CIA, was eventually tried in 2009. Despite attempts by the Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, to suppress evidence on the grounds that such disclosure would harm national security, the government lost the case in the High Court.[5]

On 14 December, Miliband appealed against six High Court rulings that CIA information on Mohamed's treatment, and what MI5 and MI6 knew about it, must be disclosed. In an unprecedented case, counsel for The Guardian and other media organisations, Mohamed and two civil rights groups, Liberty and Justice, argued that the public interest in disclosing the role played by British and US agencies in unlawful activities far outweighed any claim about potential threats to national security.[47][48] On 20 December, a U.S. District Court judge, Gladys Kessler, found that there was "credible" evidence that a British resident was tortured while being detained on behalf of the US Government. Her formerly classified legal opinion, obtained by The Observer, records that the US Government does not dispute "credible" evidence that Binyam Mohamed had been tortured while being held at its behest.[49][50]

On 27 January 2010, The Guardian reported that "United Nations human rights investigators had concluded that the British government had been complicit in the mistreatment and possible torture of several of its own citizens during the 'war on terror'". Among listed cases in which the authors concluded that a state has been complicit in secret detention, they highlight "the United Kingdom in the cases of several individuals, including Binyam Mohamed".[51] On 10 February, three Court of Appeal judges ordered the British government to reveal evidence of MI5 and MI6 complicity in the torture of Binyam Mohamed, overruling the Foreign Secretary, David Miliband.[52]

 
Wikinews has related news:

In response to highly critical media coverage of the torture, Alan Johnson, the Home Secretary, insisted that these were "baseless, groundless accusations".[53] He denied that government lawyers had forced the judiciary to water down criticism of MI5, despite an earlier draft ruling by Lord Neuberger, the Master of the Rolls, that the Security Service had failed to respect human rights, had deliberately misled parliament, and had a "culture of suppression" that undermined government assurances about its conduct.[54]

According to The Washington Post, the court order forcing the British Government to publish secret memos that it received from US intelligence officials will jeopardise future US-UK intelligence sharing.[55] The Washington Post quoted "White House officials" on 10 February 2010, who said the publication: "will complicate the confidentiality of our intelligence-sharing relationship". According to The Guardian, an anonymous White House official told them: "the court decision would not provoke a broad review of intelligence liaison between Britain and the US because the need for close co-operation was greater now than ever."[56]

In November 2010, Mohamed received an undisclosed sum as compensation from the British government as part of a settlement of a number of suits against the government for collusion by MI5.[57]

Representation in the media

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  • Binyam Mohamed's case was featured in Extraordinary Rendition, a documentary by AlphaOne Productions.[citation needed]
  • We Are Not Ghouls, a documentary film about Binyam Mohamed's case, was released in 2022.

See also

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Suspected secret torture centres in Morocco where Binyam Mohamed was held:

References

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  1. ^ "JTF GTMO Detainee Profile" (PDF). nyt.com. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  2. ^ OARDEC (15 May 2006). "List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  3. ^ a b c   Works related to PR NOTES FROM INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH DETAINEE 1458 (Binyam Ahmed Mohammed) at Wikisource
  4. ^ Profile: Binyam Mohamed. BBC News. 23 February 2008.
  5. ^ a b c "MI5 knew Guantanamo detainee Binyam Mohamed was being tortured". The Telegraph. London. 10 February 2010.
  6. ^ "Binyam Mohamed" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Reprieve website
  7. ^ Binyam Mohamed – The Guantánamo Docket – The New York Times
  8. ^ "Guantanamo Briton Binyam Mohamed wins right to see secret papers". Times Online.[dead link‍]
  9. ^ 89 "Guantánamo detainees resume hunger strike"[permanent dead link‍]. Boston Globe. 27 August 2005.
  10. ^ Memorandum from Reprieve (Clive Stafford Smith). 25 February 2009.
  11. ^ a b "One of them made cuts in my penis. I was in agony". The Guardian. 2 August 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
  12. ^ "- The Rendition Project". www.therenditionproject.org.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Who are the Guantánamo detainees? – Case Sheet 12 – Benyam Mohammed al Habashi" Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International
  14. ^ "Suspect's tale of travel and torture". The Guardian. 2 August 2005.
  15. ^ Hunger strikers pledge to die in Guantánamo. The Guardian. 9 September 2005.
  16. ^ Guantánamo Hunger Strikes Resume. The NewStandard. 30 August 2005.
  17. ^ "Pentagon IDs suspected terror accomplice: Detainee's lawyer denies accusation, alleges torture". CNN. 9 December 2005.
  18. ^ [1]. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived 17 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Jane Sutton (21 October 2008). "U.S. drops charges against 5 Guantánamo captives". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  20. ^ a b Carol J. Williams (21 October 2008). "War crimes charges dropped against 5 in Guantanamo". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  21. ^ 'No record` of CIA flight requests[permanent dead link‍]. Monsters and Critics. 12 December 2005.[dead link‍]
  22. ^ "U.S. Operated Secret ‘Dark Prison’ in Kabul". Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2005.
  23. ^ Stephen Grey; Ian Cobain (2 August 2005). "Suspect's tale of travel and torture". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
  24. ^ Raymond Bonner (21 June 2008). "Britain Sends Information on Suspect to the U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  25. ^ Mike Rosen-Molina (29 July 2008). "UK Guantanamo detainee asks court to order turnover of 'torture' evidence". The Jurist. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  26. ^ "UK Guantánamo inmate wins ruling". BBC News. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
  27. ^ "High Court rules against UK and US in case of Guantánamo torture victim Binyam Mohamed". 30 August 2008.
  28. ^ David Miliband, Foreign Secretary of UK (5 February 2009). "Binyam Mohamed". Hansard.
  29. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (4 February 2009). "US threats mean evidence of British resident's Guantánamo torture must stay secret, judges rule". The Guardian.
  30. ^ "The Queen on the application of Binyam Mohamed – v – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs" (PDF). 4 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
  31. ^ "U.K. resident held at Gitmo alleges Canadian involvement in torture". CBC News. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  32. ^ "UK seeks Guantanamo men release". BBC News. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Two More Victims of CIA's Rendition Program, Including Former Guantánamo Detainee, Join ACLU Lawsuit Against Boeing Subsidiary". American Civil Liberties Union. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
  34. ^ Marc Ambinder (12 June 2009). "Obama Holds On To State Secrets Privilege In Jeppesen Case". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  35. ^ "Italian 'Extraordinary Rendition' Victim Still Held In Morocco Based On Tortured Confession". PRNewswire. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  36. ^ Michael P. Abate (June 2009). "Mohamed et al. v Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  37. ^ "Mohamed et al. v Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc". ACLU. June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  38. ^ Charlie Savage (8 September 2010). "Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A." The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  39. ^ David Stringer (7 August 2007). "UK asks US to release 5 from Guantánamo". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 7 August 2007.[dead link‍]
  40. ^ a b Robert Verkaik (17 January 2009). "British resident to be freed after four years at Guantánamo Bay: Ethiopian refugee awaits news as he enters third week of hunger strike". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  41. ^ "US lawyer: 'Show us Binyam Mohamed torture papers now'". Channel 4 News. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  42. ^ Yvonne Bradley (11 February 2009). "Bring Binyam home: The greatest injustice I fear is that Binyam Mohamed is still being held at Guantánamo only to suppress evidence of his torture". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009.
  43. ^ "Officials visit Guantánamo detainee". Agence France Presse. 16 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
  44. ^ Richard Norton-Taylor; Peter Walker & Robert Booth (23 February 2009). "Binyam Mohamed returns to Britain after Guantánamo ordeal". The Guardian.
  45. ^ "MI5 telegrams 'fed interrogation'". BBC News. 7 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  46. ^ Timothy Garton Ash (12 March 2009). "If Britain became complicit in torture, we must discover who is to blame". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  47. ^ "Binyam Mohamed case: David Miliband steps up bid to hide proof of torture". The Guardian. 13 December 2009.
  48. ^ "Judges irresponsible for wanting CIA torture evidence disclosed, court told". The Guardian. 14 December 2009.
  49. ^ "Torture claims by British resident are given credence by American judge". The Guardian. 20 December 2009.
  50. ^ North Carolina Stop Torture Now
  51. ^ Ian Cobain (27 January 2010). "Britain 'complicit in mistreatment and possible torture' says UN". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  52. ^ Richard Norton-Taylor (10 February 2010). "Binyam Mohamed torture evidence must be revealed". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  53. ^ [2]. Times Online. 12 February 2010.
  54. ^ Richard Norton-Taylor; Ian Cobain (12 February 2010). "Top judge: Binyam Mohamed case shows MI5 to be devious, dishonest and complicit in torture". The Guardian.
  55. ^ David Stringer (11 February 2010). "Intelligence ties between UK and US in jeopardy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
  56. ^ Daniel Nasaw; Richard Norton-Taylor; Ian Cobain (11 February 2010). "US plays down threat to security co-operation: Links between CIA and MI5 unaffected by court revelations of mistreatment of terror suspect Binyam Mohamed". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010.
  57. ^ "Government to compensate ex-Guantanamo Bay detainees". BBC News. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2018. Binyam Mohamed's solicitor ... said: "All I can say is that the claims have been settled and the terms are confidential"

Further reading

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