Black vinegar is dark-colored vinegar traditionally used in Chinese and other East Asian cuisine.
Types
editChina
editOne of the most important types of Chinese "black vinegar" is the Shanxi mature vinegar (simplified Chinese: 山西老陈醋; traditional Chinese: 山西老陳醋; pinyin: lǎo chéncù) from the central plains of Northern China, particularly in the Shanxi province (Shanxi mature vinegar).[1] It is made from sorghum, peas, barley, bran and chaff and has a much stronger smoky flavor than rice-based black vinegar. It is popular in the north of China as a dipping sauce, particularly for dumplings.[citation needed]
Another type of Chinese "black vinegar" is Zhenjiang vinegar (simplified Chinese: 镇江香醋; traditional Chinese: 鎭江香醋; pinyin: zhènjiāng xiāngcù) and similar condiments from southern China.[2] The condiment is an inky-black rice vinegar aged for a malty, woody, and smoky flavor.[3][4] It is made from rice (usually glutinous),[5] or sorghum, or in some combination of those, sometimes including wheat and millet.[6] Black vinegar was traditionally aged in clay pots.[7]
In Sichuan, black vinegar is made from wheat bran and flavored with traditional medicinal spices. Sichuan's Baoning vinegar (保寧醋 or 保宁醋) is a famous example.
Black vinegar from Fujian is made using glutinous rice and colored red by the infusion of a special fungus.[7]
A number of historic vinegars were considered to be among China's first list of intangible cultural heritage, with more added since.[8]
Japan
editThe Japanese kurozu, a somewhat lighter form of black vinegar, is made only from brown rice.
According to some reports, Japan's annual per capita consumption of vinegar is 3.5 times that of China's.[9]
Korea
editIn Korea black vinegar is also made with brown rice.[7]
History
editAncient Chinese laborers used wine as a leavening agent to ferment and brew vinegar. East Asian vinegar originated in China, and there are at least three thousand years of documented history of making vinegar. In ancient China, "vinegar" was called "bitter wine," which also indicates that "vinegar" originated from "wine".[10]
The first written mention of vinegar dates back to BC 1058, during the Zhou dynasty. [11]
Initially extremely costly and used only by the elite, vinegar eventually spread into popular usage by the Han dynasty.
Between 369–404 AD, Chinese techniques for making rice vinegar were imported into Japan.[9]
By 500 AD in the Northern and Southern dynasty era, one book featured 23 different methods for vinegar-making.[11]
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the process for creating "smoked vinegar" was developed.[9]
Though the scale of the vinegar industry in China has greatly expanded since the country's industrialisation, production methods remain largely traditional due to a difficulty in regulating and controlling heat-sensitive microbial growths needed for the vinegar-making process.[9]
Some manufacturers have replaced the pottery vats and concrete pools with stainless steel tanks, as well as diversified their vinegar offerings to include different raw materials, including jujube, cherry, aloe, buckwheat, sea buckthorn fruit, fig, onion, and bamboo.[9]
In Chinese medicine, vinegar is considered as a curative effect for acute and chronic hepatitis.[11]
Uses
editBlack vinegar has been used as a full-flavored but less expensive alternative to traditional balsamic vinegar.[4][5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Sour Story - Shanxi Mature Vinegar". CRIENGLISH.com. 2009-03-05. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
- ^ DK Publishing (2010). "Oils, Vinegars, and Flavorings: Vinegars". The Illustrated Cook's Book of Ingredients. New York: DK Publishing. p. 516. ISBN 9780756667306. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ^ Helm, Janet (March 29, 2012). "Is Black the New Black in Foods?". WebMD. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ a b Kapadia, Jess (August 17, 2012). "Could Black Vinegar Be The New Balsamic?". FoodRepublic.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ a b Passmore, Jacki (1991). "Black Vinegar". The Encyclopedia of Asian Food and Cooking. Hearst Books via Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ Switzer, Christine (October 9, 2010). "Health Benefits of Black Vinegar". LiveStrong. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ a b c Wei, Clarissa. "Black Vinegar Doesn't Just Season a Dish–It Transforms It". www.bonappetit.com. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "国务院关于公布第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录的通知 第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录（共计518项）__2006年第20号国务院公报_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. 中華人民共和國中央政府. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Tang, Hanlan; Song, Jiankun; Luo, Lixin (2019). Vinegar Production in China (1 ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781351208475-10. ISBN 9781351208475. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "Throughout history, vinegar is more than tasty". archive.shine.cn. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- ^ a b c Chen, Fusheng; Li, Li; Qu, Jiong; Chen, Chunxu (2009). "Cereal Vinegars Made by Solid-State Fermentation in China". Vinegars of the World. Springer Milan. pp. 243–259. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0866-3_15. ISBN 978-88-470-0865-6.
