Bohtan (also Buhtan, Bokhti, Botan, Cizre-Botan, Bokhtan) was a medieval Kurdish principality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn 'Omar (modern Cizre also known as Cizîra Botan (Jazira Botan)) in southeastern Anatolia. The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century, although the rulers eventually converted to Islam, Bohtan constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until the 19th century.[1][2]
Bohtan | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1161/1247/1335–1855 | |||||||||||
 Botan emirate shown in 1730 Ottens Map as "Regnum Bochtanonum" | |||||||||||
| Status |
| ||||||||||
| Capital | Cizre | ||||||||||
| Religion | Yazidism, Sunni Islam (from 14th century) | ||||||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||||||
| Mir | |||||||||||
• 1821–1847 | Bedir Khan Beg (last) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1161/1247/1335 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1855 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Turkey, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Iraq | ||||||||||
History
editOrigin
editIt's not fully clear when the Botan Emirate was exactly established. According to Sharafnama, Botan rulers are decscandant of Suleman Khalid, the bokhti tribal chief.[3] He was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz, and appointed each of his brothers (Mir Abdal and Mir Badir) as Governor of a districts of the emirate. While there's no recorded date on when it was established, Sharafkhan wrote in Sharafnama that the eighth Botan ruler, Mir Ezzaddin Abdal in 1394 went to Mardin to swore his allegiance to Timur.[3] Kurdish historians conflict on the exact date of Botan Emirate establishment, according to Anwar Al-Maei, the Emirate was established in 1161 by Abdulaziz succeeding the Zengids rule. While according to Muhammad Amin Zaki, the Botan Emirate was established in 1247.[4]
Early years
editCizre was seized by the Bohtan tribe in 1336/1337 with the aid of al-Ashraf, Ayyubid Emir of Hisn Kayfa.[5] In the 1330s, Hamdallah Mustawfi in Nuzhat Al Qulub reported that Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar had an annual revenue of 170,200 dinars.[6] The emirate of Hisn Kayfa had aimed to control Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar through the Bohtan clan in providing military assistance to its capture and the marriage of a daughter to Izz ed-Din, Emir of Bohtan, but this was unsuccessful as the Bohtan emirate developed the city and consolidated their rule, and eventually the emir of Hisn Kayfa attempted to take Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar by force in 1384/1385, but was repelled. [5]
The principality ruled over an area extending from Diyarbakir to Van and from Rawanduz to Sinjar at its peak.[7] The first governors of Bohtan, were from the Azizan family, who originally followed Yezidism[8][9] later converted to Sunni Islam[9] and were related to the Governors of the Principality of Bitlis.[10] Following their role in the Ottoman defeat of the Safavids in the Battle of Çaldiran in 1514,[10] Bohtan was granted the status of a Hükümet, and it became a hereditary Kurdish principality within the Ottoman Empire.[11]
Bedirxan beg's reign
editAn important Mir of Bohtan was Bedir Khan Bey, who succeeded Mir Seyfeddin.[12] Bedir Khan Bey was Mîr of the principality between 1821 and 1847.[7] He reformed the military forces in establishing an elite force consistent with members of the several tribes within the emirate[13] [14]which brought security into Bohtan.[15] According to European diplomats in the region, he even tested if the regional chief was observant enough.[15] He would try to raid a tribe by night, and if he succeeded he would punish the tribal chief in whose territory the robbery was successful.[15] He then returned what he had robbed the night before.[15]
The security standard in Bohtan was such, that it encouraged the population of neighboring provinces to move into the territory under Bedir Khans control.[16] This led to the opposition by the Ottoman Vali of Mosul, who demanded an end to the emigration of the habitants from the Mosul province to Bohtan.[16] Following, Bedir Khan expelled 2000 immigrants who settled into Bohtan during the Governorship of Mehmet Pasha in Mosul,[16] but they returned after four years.[16] The renewed emigration lead the Vali of Mosul Mehmet Şerif Pasha to file a report against Bedir Khan, who in 1847 had to agree to bring an end to the immigration of foreigners in Bohtan.[16] Bedir Khan Bey resigned after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire and following, Bohtan lost its independence.[7]
List of bohtan rulers
editlist of Bukhti rulers of Bohtan:[17]
- Amir Sulaiman ibn Khalid al-Bukhti (13th-14th century)
- Amir Abdul Aziz ibn Sulaiman Al-Bukhti (14th century)
- Amir 'Izz ad-Din Ahmad ibn Sayf ad-Din Al-Bukhti (r. 1335-1362)
- Amir Sayf ad-Din Isa Ibn Izz ad-Din Ahmad Al-Bukhti (r. 1362-1383)
- Amir Abdal Bokhti (Abdullah) (r. 1383-1387)
- Amir Mir Ezzaddin Abdal Bokhti (r. 1387-1417)
- Amir Majd ad-Din (r. 1417-1436)
- Amir Abdal (r. 1437-1455)
- Amir bedro (Bedir) beg (r. 1455-1469)
- Amir Sharafkhan (15th century)
- Bedirxan Beg (r. 1821-1847)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ SHIELDS, SARAH (August 2001). "NELIDA FUCCARO, The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq, Library of Modern Middle East Studies, vol. 14 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999). Pp. 246. $55 cloth". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (3): 463–465. doi:10.1017/s0020743801293064. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 161122658.
- ^ Allison Robins, Christine (2015), The Yezidis
- ^ a b Ghalib (2011), p. 53.
- ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 54.
- ^ a b Sinclair (1989), p. 401.
- ^ Miynat (2017), p. 86.
- ^ a b c Jongerden, Joost (2012). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. p. 60. ISBN 9789004225183.
- ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
- ^ a b Aktürk, Ahmet Serdar (2018). "Family, Empire, and Nation: Kurdish Bedirkhanis and the Politics of Origins in a Changing Era". Journal of Global South Studies. 35 (2): 393. doi:10.1353/gss.2018.0032. ISSN 2476-1419. S2CID 158487762 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ a b Winter, Stefan (2006). "The other Nahdah: The Bedirxans, the Millîs and the tribal roots of Kurdish nationalism in Syria". Oriente Moderno. 25 (86) (3): 461–474. doi:10.1163/22138617-08603003. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25818086 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Henning, Barbara (2018). Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. University of Bamberg Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-3863095512.
- ^ Henning, Barbara (2018),p. 95
- ^ van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Sheik and State (PDF). p. 179.
- ^ Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-85649-018-4.
- ^ a b c d Gökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.), p. 80
- ^ a b c d e Gökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.). Kurdistan et l'Europe (in French). Chronos. p. 81. ISBN 978-3-905312-32-4.
- ^ زرار صديق توفيق (2007). القبائل والزعامات القبلية الكردية في العصر الوسيط. مؤسسة موكرياني للبحوث. pp. 33–39.
Sources
edit- Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. ISBN 9780907132349.
- Ghalib, Sabah Abdullah (2011), The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1850 (PDF), University of Exeter, retrieved 1 May 2020
- Miynat, Ali (2017). Cultural and socio-economic relations between the Turkmen states and the Byzantine empire and West with a corpus of the Turkmen coins in the Barber Institute Coin Collection (PDF).