A forehead lift, also known as a browlift or browplasty, is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to elevate a drooping eyebrow that may obstruct vision and/or to remove the deep "worry" lines that run across the forehead.
| Forehead lift | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Cosmetic surgery |
History
editThe first documented medical discussion about a forehead lift was written in 1910 by the famous German surgeon Erich Lexer.[1]
Current surgical techniques
editSince the advent of the hugely popular wrinkle remover, Botox (Dysport in the United Kingdom and Europe) many consumers have eschewed the invasive surgery altogether, opting for Botox injections every four to six months to get the same results. Botox is also used after some forehead lift procedures to increase the effects of the surgeries.[2]
Endoscopic surgery is often employed in forehead lifts.[3] An endoscope is a surgical system with thin, pencil-sized arms that are inserted through three to five incisions about 3/8 of an inch long. One of the instrument's arms is a lighted camera that displays what it sees under the patient's skin on a television monitor.[4] Other arms on the Endoscope carry actual surgical tools that perform cutting, or grasping functions. The surgeon watches the television monitor to guide his movements.
Another type of surgical technique is the coronal brow lift, in which a bicoronal incision is made. This technique was popularized in the 1980s and 1990s, but has fallen out of favor compared to the endoscopic technique.[5] Other techniques include the direct brow lift,[6] mid-forehead brow lift,[7] pretrichial brow lift,[8] temporal brow lift, and internal (transblepharoplasty) brow lift.
Risks
editWhen surgeons have problems with an endoscopic forehead lift, -- in about one percent of cases—they finish the procedure by switching to the open forehead lift method.
Complications are said to be rare and minor when a forehead lift is performed by a surgeon trained in the technique. However, it is possible for the surgical process to damage the nerves that control eyebrow and forehead movements. Hair loss can also occur along the scar edges in the scalp when an incision is made through the hairline. Moreover, infection and bleeding are possible with any surgical procedure.[9] Compared to endoscopic techniques, coronal brow lift techniques have a higher risk of elevating the frontal hairline and decreasing scalp sensation.
Patients who have Endotine implants in their foreheads risk moving their newly adjusted tissues with relatively small movements just after the operation and before complete healing takes place. While the implant absorbs into the body, the Endotine generally does not support the very thick forehead flesh and heavy brows often seen in some overweight males.[10]
References
edit- ^ Ulrich T. Hinderer and Juan L. Del Rio: Erich Lexer's Mammaplasty: Aesthetic Plas Surg; Vol 16, No2; March 1992; 1001-1007
- ^ Dyer WK Jr., Yung RT: Botulinum toxin-assisted brow lift. Facial Plast Surg 2000 Aug; 8(3): 343-54
- ^ Raggio, Blake S.; Winters, Ryan (2023), "Endoscopic Brow Lift", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31424804, retrieved 2023-11-27
- ^ Romo T 3rd, Sclafani AP, Yung RT: Endoscopic foreheadplasty: a histological comparison of perosteal refixation after endoscopic versus bicorronal lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 Mar; 1111-7; discussion 1118-9
- ^ Patel, Bhupendra C.; Malhotra, Raman (2023), "Mid Forehead Brow Lift", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30571073, retrieved 2023-11-27
- ^ Jawad, Basit A.; Raggio, Blake S. (2023), "Direct Brow Lift", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32644687, retrieved 2023-11-27
- ^ Patel, Bhupendra C.; Malhotra, Raman (2023), "Mid Forehead Brow Lift", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30571073, retrieved 2023-11-27
- ^ Dunn, Travis; Hohman, Marc H. (2023), "Pretrichial Brow Lift", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 34033394, retrieved 2023-11-27
- ^ Morgan JM, Gentile RD, Farrior E: Rejuvenation of the forehead and eyelids complex. Facial Plast Surg 2005 Nov; 21(4):271-8
- ^ Ramirez OM: Why I prefer the endoscope forehead lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997 Sep; 100(4): 1033-9; discussion 1043-6