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Cesar Department

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For other uses, see Cesar (disambiguation).

Cesar Department (Spanish: Departamento del Cesar) or simply Cesar (Spanish pronunciation: [seˈsaɾ]) is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela (Zulia State). The department capital city is Valledupar.[5]

Cesar Department
Departamento del Cesar
Department
Department of the Cesar
Flag of Cesar Department
Flag
Coat of arms of Cesar Department
Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno del Cesar
Cesar shown in green
Cesar shown in green
Topography of the department
Topography of the department
Coordinates: 10°29′N 73°15′W / 10.483°N 73.250°W / 10.483; -73.250
Country Colombia
RegionCaribbean Region
EstablishedDecember 1967
CapitalValledupar
Government
 • GovernorFrancis Ferdinand Ovalle Angarita (2016-2019)
Area
[1]
 • Total
22,905 km2 (8,844 sq mi)
 • Rank22nd
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total
1,200,574
 • Rank16th
 • Density52/km2 (140/sq mi)
GDP
[3]
 • TotalCOP 37,524 billion
(US$ 8.8 billion)
Time zoneUTC-05
ISO 3166 codeCO-CES
HDI (2019)0.729[4]
high · 21st of 33
Websitewww.gobcesar.gov.co

The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparis in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuris in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Toupeh, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholades pertaining to the Chimila. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Peter Vadillo, but German Ambrose Alfinger savagely conquered the region in 1532.[6]

From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region.

Etymology

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The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River. The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of the department. The department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted.[7]

Geography

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Main article: Geography of Cesar Department
 
The Cesar River basin in the department of Cesar.

The department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the department of La Guajira, to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to the west with the department of Magdalena, to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering a total area of 22,905 km2.[8]

The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges.[8]

Ecoregions

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The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions; the Serranía del Perijá mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of the Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex.[8]

 
Cerro Pintao and the Serranía del Perijá.

Serranía del Perijá mountain range

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The Serranía del Perijá mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander, approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá covers, partially or totally the area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatán and Campoalegre.[9]

Approximately 70% of the mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve.[9]

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range

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The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as seen from Valledupar.

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in the northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km2 (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri, Badillo, Ariguani, Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia.[10]

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993.[11]

Valley of the Cesar river

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Valley of the Magdalena river

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Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes

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Ciénaga de Zapatosa

Climate

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Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá become cooler with higher altitude, reaching freezing low temperatures on the snowy peaks. Lowlands average a temperature throughout the year of 28 °C or 82.4 °F.[12] These lower lands present a hot and drier climate, with annual precipitation less than 1,300 millimetres or 51 inches a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow on high altitude peaks and precipitation reaching more than 2,000 millimetres or 79 inches a year.

Climate data for Valledupar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.7
(94.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.9
(96.6) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.1
(95.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.1
(93.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.6
(74.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 12
(0.5) 		10
(0.4) 		26
(1.0) 		71
(2.8) 		154
(6.1) 		82
(3.2) 		63
(2.5) 		116
(4.6) 		122
(4.8) 		199
(7.8) 		89
(3.5) 		28
(1.1) 		972
(38.3)
Source: Weatherbase[13][14]

History

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1973 340,657—    
1985 699,428+105.3%
1993 827,219+18.3%
2005 903,279+9.2%
2018 1,200,574+32.9%
Source:[15]

Pre-Colombian

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The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimila.

Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief (Cacique), with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks, directly associated to the Muisca culture in the Colombian eastern branch of the Andes.[16]

Archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz.[17]

Spanish conquest and colonization

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The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531.[6][18] In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos.<[19]

Republican era

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In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simón Bolívar. In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially.[6]

Modern era

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From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. Prodeco, a subsidiary of Glencore, and the US Drummond Company collaborated with the paramilitaries[20] in order to continue coal mining.[21]

Politics

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Government and politics

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Governors

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Main article: Governor of Cesar Department

Department Assembly

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Main article: Department Assembly of Cesar

Administrative divisions

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Municipalities

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See also: Municipalities of Colombia

The Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves.[22]

For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic regions[citation needed]:

  • the Northern Subregion covering the municipalities of Valledupar, Codazzi, Pueblo Bello, La Paz, Manaure and San Diego;
  • the Northwestern Subregion covering the municipalities of Bosconia, El Copey, El Paso and Astrea;
  • the Central Subregion covering the municipalities of Curumani, Becerril, Chiriguana, La Jagua de Ibirico, Chimichagua, Tamalameque and Pailitas; and
  • the Southern Subregion covering the municipalities of Aguachica, Gamarra, Gonzalez, La Gloria, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto and San Martin.[8]
Municipalities Map
  1.   Aguachica
  2.   Astrea
  3.   Becerril
  4.   Bosconia
  5.   Chimichagua
  6.   Chiriguaná
  7.   Codazzi
  8.   Curumaní
  9.   El Copey
  10.   El Paso
  11.   Gamarra
  12.   González
  13.   La Gloria
  14.   La Jagua de Ibirico
  15.   Manaure
  16.   Pailitas
  17.   Pelaya
  18.   Pueblo Bello
  19.   Rio de Oro
  20.   Los Robles La Paz
  21.   San Alberto
  22.   San Diego
  23.   San Martín
  24.   Tamalameque
  25.   Valledupar
  

Economy

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Ciénaga de la Zapatosa marsh by La Gloria, southern Cesar Department

The economy of the César Department is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining. Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals. In agriculture, plantations of cotton, rice, sugar cane, oil palm, cassava and plantain. Services are centered on commerce and the industry is represented by oil products, fats and milk derived products. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia, if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the Department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh) along with the Cesar river. It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also.

The area between La Loma and La Jagua de Ibirico is the major coal-producing region of Colombia.[23]

Notes

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  1. ^ "Departamento: Información general". Gobernación del Cesar. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  2. ^ "DANE". Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  3. ^ "Producto Interno Bruto por departamento", www.dane.gov.co
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  5. ^ "Estado de avance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el departamento de Cesar y en la ciudad de Valledupar, (Progress on the Millennium Development Goals in the Cesar department and the city of Valledupar)" (in Spanish). PNUD Colombia – Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. January 2012.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b c "History of Cesar" (in Spanish). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
  7. ^ "LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  8. ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory Archived October 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Serrania del Perija Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ (in Spanish) UNESCO: Buritaca 200 - Ciudad Perdida - Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
  12. ^ "Climate of the Department of Cesar" (in Spanish). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
  13. ^ "Worldweather: Valledupar, Colombia". Weatherbase. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-08.[dead link‍]
  14. ^ *Climatological information is based on monthly averages for the 30-year period 1971-2000. The averaging period for climatological information and the definition of "Mean Number of Precipitation/Rain Days" quoted in this web site may be different for different countries. Care should be taken when city climatologies are compared.
  15. ^ "Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  16. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 22
  17. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 23
  18. ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 21
  19. ^ LABLAA: Department of Cesar; History
  20. ^ Moor, Marianne (June 2014). The dark side of coal paramilitary violence in the mining region of Cesar, Colombia. OCLC 1176254365. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  21. ^ Deutsche Welle (2014-07-09). "Blutige Kohle aus Kolumbien". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  22. ^ Government of Colombia: Human Rights in the Department of Cesar; municipalities Archived May 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Mining Atlas - Explore the World of Mining".

References

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  • Dangon Ovalle, Jaime (November 1987), El Cesar, Hijo del Amor, Valledupar: Departamento del Cesar.
  • Gutierrez Hinojosa, Tomas Dario (2000), Valledupar Musica de una Historia, Bogotá: Editorial Grijalbo LTDA, ISBN 958-639-175-2
  • Araujonoguera, Consuelo (2002), Trilogia Vallenata, Colombia: Proyecto Editorial Babilonia, ISBN 958-33-3360-3
  • Castro Trespalacios, Pedro (1979), Culturas Aborigenes Cesarences e Independencia de Valle de Upar, Bogotá: Casa de la Cultura de Valledupar
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