Chaoyang (simplified Chinese: 朝阳; traditional Chinese: 朝陽; pinyin: Cháoyáng) is a prefecture-level city in western Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.
Chaoyang
朝阳市 | |
|---|---|
 An ancient street in Chaoyang. | |
.png) Location of Chaoyang City jurisdiction in Liaoning | |
  Chaoyang Location of the city centre in Liaoning | |
| Coordinates (Chaoyang People's Park): 41°34′16″N 120°27′11″E / 41.571°N 120.453°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Liaoning |
| Municipal seat | Shuangta District |
| Districts and Counties | List
|
| Government | |
| • CPC Chief | Chen Tiexin |
| • Mayor | Zhang Tiemin |
| Area | |
| 19,698 km2 (7,605 sq mi) | |
| • Urban (2017)[2] | 570.00 km2 (220.08 sq mi) |
| • Districts[2] | 1,170.5 km2 (451.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 170 m (560 ft) |
| Population (2010)[3] | |
| 3,044,641 | |
| • Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[2] | 537,800 |
| • Districts[2] | 639,000 |
| GDP[4] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 85.5 billion US$ 13.7 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 28,852 US$ 4,632 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 122000 |
| Area code | 0421 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-LN-13 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 辽N |
| Administrative division code | 211300 |
| Website | zgcy |
| Chaoyang, Liaoning | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 朝陽 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 朝阳 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠴᠤᠤᠶᠠᠩ | ||||||
With a vast land area of almost 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi), it is by area the largest prefecture-level city in Liaoning, and borders on Hebei province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west.
The area under Chaoyang's jurisdictional control is split up into two counties (Jianping, Chaoyang), two urban districts (Longcheng, Shuangta), two county-level cities (Beipiao, Lingyuan), and the Harqin Left Wing Mongolian Autonomous County. The total regional population is 3 million, while the urban centre where the government office is located has a population of 430,000 and forms the core of Chaoyang.
Known as China's 'fossil city', many important paleontological discoveries have been made in Chaoyang, and the Harqin region is the oldest currently known prehistoric site in northern China. Two of the most remarkable Early Cretaceous birds known to date were recovered in the vicinity of the Jiufotang Formation rocks and named Longipteryx chaoyangensis and Sapeornis chaoyangensis in reference to the city.
Name
editThe name "Chaoyang" originates from a poem found in one of the oldest collections of Chinese poetry, the Shijing. "A wutong tree grew on a mountain. A fenghuang bird perched at the top and sang towards the morning sun" (Chaoyang's name means "morning sun" in Chinese). The eastern part of Chaoyang is home to a mountain that has been called Fenghuang Mountain since ancient times. In 1778, this mountain was connected with the poem from the Shijing and Chaoyang was given its current name.
History
editChaoyang has a long and rich history. The discovery of the over five-thousand-year-old Niuheliang Hongshan Cultural Ruins in the region has drawn attention to Chaoyang as one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture.[5] The area first appears in Chinese historical records as “Liucheng County” in the Early Han period of the 3rd century B.C. In 342 AD, King of the Former Yan, Murong Huang, made Chaoyang his capital under the name Longcheng ("Dragon City"), and the city remained the capital through the Later Yan and Northern Yan periods.[6] The center of Longcheng was located at the old town of modern Chaoyang.[7] Since this time, Chaoyang has functioned as a center of Buddhism in Northeast China, with the construction of Longxiang temple in 345 AD forming the beginning of Buddhist culture in the Northeast.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Liucheng (renamed from Longcheng) was the seat of Ying Prefecture (Yingzhou, 營州). It was a prosperous multi-cultural city whose inhabitants included the Khitans, Kumo Xi, Mohe, Shiwei, Goguryeo, Göktürks and Sogdians. The Khitan general Li Guangbi of Tang dynasty, who played an instrumental role during the war against the An Lushan rebels, was a native of Liucheng. The city went into a period of decline after the An Lushan rebellion. The Liao dynasty established Ba Prefecture (霸州) at Liucheng. As its importance grew again a century later, it was renamed Xingzhong Prefecture (兴中府). The city was abandoned during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[7]
The Mongols seized Chaoyang and surrounding regions. When they submitted to the Manchu Qing dynasty, Chaoyang was controlled by Chinggisid princes and descendants of Jelme. Their territories became Tümed Right Wing Banner, Kharachin Left Wing Banner, Kharachin Right Wing Banner, and Kharachin Middle Banner, all of which were under Josutu League.[8]
Although the Qing officially prohibited the Chinese from immigrating to Mongol lands, the southernmost league of Mongolia was flooded by Chinese peasants.[citation needed] As a result, several Chinese prefectures were created within the Mongol lands, and the Chinese came under the jurisdiction of the neighboring Chengde-fu. Chaoyang County was established in 1778, with its seat at the old town of Chaoyang.
In 1891, a Chinese secret society named Jindandao raised a rebellion, massacring tens of thousands of Mongols and forcing survivors to flee northward.[9]
Under Manchukuo, the eastern part of Chaoyang, including the city of Chaoyang, belonged to Kin-chow Province while the western part constituted Jehol Province.[8] The People's Republic of China incorporated Chaoyang into Liaoning Province in 1955 although ethnic Mongols wished to join Inner Mongolia.[9] It was declared a prefecture level city in 1984.[10]
Geography and climate
editChaoyang has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa/BSk), with cold but very dry winters, and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are relatively brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) in January to 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in July, for an annual average of 9.52 °C (49.1 °F). A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Due to the aridity, diurnal temperature variation is large, especially during spring and autumn, and averages 12.9 °C (23.2 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 71% in January, the city averages 2,748 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Chaoyang City (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
41.3 (106.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
36.1 (97.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
25.8 (78.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
9.8 (49.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.7 (5.5) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
3.8 (38.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.4 (−29.9) |
−32.3 (−26.1) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.5 (0.06) |
2.3 (0.09) |
6.4 (0.25) |
22.7 (0.89) |
45.8 (1.80) |
90.8 (3.57) |
129.0 (5.08) |
100.9 (3.97) |
35.6 (1.40) |
22.7 (0.89) |
9.6 (0.38) |
1.5 (0.06) |
468.8 (18.44) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 62.8 |
| Average snowy days | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 13.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 44 | 38 | 35 | 37 | 44 | 61 | 72 | 73 | 63 | 53 | 49 | 47 | 51 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 191.5 | 195.8 | 231.0 | 236.4 | 261.3 | 225.6 | 219.1 | 238.4 | 238.7 | 224.4 | 182.2 | 175.1 | 2,619.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 65 | 65 | 62 | 59 | 58 | 50 | 48 | 56 | 65 | 66 | 62 | 62 | 60 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12][13] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
editThe prefecture is divided into 7 administrative areas. There are 2 districts, 2 subordinate cities and 3 counties of which one county is an Autonomous County for the Mongolian minority.
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2003 est.) |
Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Shuangta District | 双塔区 | Shuāngtǎ Qū | 310,000 | 211 | 1,469 |
| Longcheng District | 龙城区 | Lóngchéng Qū | 170,000 | 346 | 491 |
| Beipiao City | 北票市 | Běipiào Shì | 620,000 | 4,583 | 135 |
| Lingyuan | 凌源市 | Língyuán Shì | 650,000 | 3,297 | 197 |
| Chaoyang County | 朝阳县 | Cháoyáng Xiàn | 620,000 | 4,216 | 147 |
| Jianping County | 建平县 | Jiànpíng Xiàn | 580,000 | 4,838 | 120 |
| Harqin Zuoyi Mongol Autonomous County |
喀喇沁左翼 蒙古族自治县 |
Kālāqìn Zuǒyì Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn |
420,000 | 2,240 | 188 |
Economy
editAgriculture forms the backbone of Chaoyang's economy. In addition to wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes, Chaoyang is also an important region for the growing of cotton and fruit. The city has also begun to venture into the production of shaji (sea-buckthorn berries), which have become popular in China because of their dual use as food and as medicine. Chaoyang is home to the largest man-made thicket of shaji.
Chaoyang has more than 1,600 industrial enterprises, manufacturing a wide range of products including steel, machinery, textiles, diesel engines, automobiles, and paper.[14] Lingyuan Iron and Steel Works and the Liaoning Tyre Factory are two of the largest such enterprises.
The city is served by Chaoyang Airport.
Fossils
editLiaoning, and in particular Chaoyang, has become the focus of great interest in the world of palaeontology. During the 1990s, many new, unique and fascinating fossils were discovered in this region. Some of the finds have completely revolutionised our ideas of dinosaurs and shed new light on the origin of birds. Chaoyang's fossils are in the Jiufotang Formation. These fossils include: Liaoxipterus, a genus of ctenochasmatid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous; Microraptor, a feathered dinosaur; and several early birds such as Longipteryx, Sapeornis, Yanornis and Jeholornis, an early bird. Insects have also been found such as Dictyoptera, a fossilised cockroach and Hymenoptera, a fossil bee, which also date to the Lower Cretaceous period. A local trade in rare fossils has developed in the wake of the finds, with an estimated sixty vendors gathering in one area, called Ancient Street.[15]
Friendship cities
edit
Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan - (2000)
References
edit- ^ "Chaoyang geographical location". Chaoyang Government. Archived from the original on 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ a b c d Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 50. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "Chaoyang i Liaoning". NAtional Bureau of Statistics China. Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
- ^ 辽宁省统计局、国家统计局辽宁调查总队 (October 2016). 《辽宁统计年鉴－2016》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7900-8. Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
- ^ "History and Culture". Chaoyang Government. Archived from the original on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ "History and Culture". Chaoyang Government. Archived from the original on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ a b "朝阳古城兴盛了近千年". 辽宁日报. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ a b Yamazaki Sōyo (山崎惣與) (1941). 滿洲國地名大辭典. p. 556.
- ^ a b Borjigin Burensain (2007). 近現代内モンゴル東部の変容 [Social and Cultural Change in Eastern Inner Mongolia in the Modern Period]. ハラチン・トメド移民と近現代モンゴル社会 [Mongolian immigrants from the Qaračin and Tumed areas within modern Mongolian society]. p. 318–345.
- ^ "Chaoyang". XZQH.org. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ "Chaoyang". Teach in China. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ Jerry Guo, "Fossils Fuel a Chinese Boom", Time, August 27, 2007