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Composition of the human body

(Redirected from Chemical composition of the human body)

Not to be confused with human anatomy or body composition.

Body composition may be analyzed in various ways. This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc. In terms of cell type, the body contains hundreds of different types of cells, but notably, the largest number of cells contained in a human body (though not the largest mass of cells) are not human cells, but bacteria residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract.

Pie charts of typical human body composition by percent of mass, and by percent of atomic composition (atomic percent)

Elements

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The main elements that comprise the human body (including water) can be summarized as CHNOPS.
  Element Symbol percent
mass 		percent
atoms
Oxygen O 65.0 24.0
Carbon C 18.5 12.0
Hydrogen H 9.5 62.0
Nitrogen N 2.6 1.1
Calcium Ca 1.3 0.22
Phosphorus P 0.6 0.22
Sulfur S 0.3 0.038
Potassium K 0.2 0.03
Sodium Na 0.2 0.037
Chlorine Cl 0.2 0.024
Magnesium Mg 0.1 0.015
All others < 0.1 < 0.3
 
Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm

About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life.[1] All of the mass of the trace elements put together (less than 10 grams for a human body) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium, the least common of the 11 non-trace elements.

Other elements

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Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life. Some of these elements are thought to be simple common contaminants without function (examples: caesium, titanium), while many others are thought to be active toxins, depending on amount (cadmium, mercury, lead, radioactives). In humans, arsenic is toxic, and its levels in foods and dietary supplements are closely monitored to reduce or eliminate its intake.[2]

Some elements (silicon, boron, nickel, vanadium) are probably needed by mammals also, but in far smaller doses. Bromine is used by some (though not all) bacteria, fungi, diatoms, and seaweeds, and opportunistically in eosinophils in humans. One study has indicated bromine to be necessary to collagen IV synthesis in humans.[3] Fluorine is used by a number of plants to manufacture toxins but in humans its only known function is as a local topical hardening agent in tooth enamel.[4]

Elemental composition list

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Main article: mineral (nutrient)

The average 70 kg (150 lb) adult human body contains approximately 7×1027 atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements.[5] About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans.[6]

The relative amounts of each element vary by individual, mainly due to differences in the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in their body. Persons with more fat will have a higher proportion of carbon and a lower proportion of most other elements (the proportion of hydrogen will be about the same). The numbers in the table are averages of different numbers reported by different references.

The adult human body averages ~53% water.[7] This varies substantially by age, sex, and adiposity. In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes, the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males.[8] Water is ~11% hydrogen by mass but ~67% hydrogen by atomic percent, and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water, are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures. Because of water content, the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element, but more hydrogen by atom-fraction than any element.

The elements listed below as "Essential in humans" are those listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as essential nutrients,[9] as well as six additional elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (the fundamental building blocks of life on Earth), sulfur (essential to all cells) and cobalt (a necessary component of vitamin B12). Elements listed as "Possibly" or "Probably" essential are those cited by the US National Research Council as beneficial to human health and possibly or probably essential.[10]

Atomic number Element Fraction of mass
[11][12][13][14][15][16]		 Mass (kg)[17] Atomic percent Essential in humans[18] Negative effects of excess Group
8 Oxygen 0.65 45 24 Yes (e.g. water, electron acceptor)[19] Reactive oxygen species 16
6 Carbon 0.18 13 12 Yes[19] (organic compounds) 14
1 Hydrogen 0.10 7 62 Yes[19] (e.g. water) Acidosis 1
7 Nitrogen 0.02–0.03 1.8 1.1 Yes[19] (e.g. DNA and amino acids) 15
20 Calcium 0.011–0.015 1.0 0.22 Yes[19][20][21] (e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones) Hypercalcaemia 2
15 Phosphorus 5–7×10−3 [22] 0.78 0.22 Yes[19][20][21] (e.g. DNA, Phospholipids and Phosphorylation) Hyperphosphatemia 15
19 Potassium 1.5–2×10−3[23] 0.14 0.033 Yes[19][20] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hyperkalemia 1
16 Sulfur 2.5×10−3 0.14 0.038 Yes[19] (e.g. Cysteine, Methionine, Biotin, Thiamine) Sulfhemoglobinemia 16
11 Sodium 1.5×10−3 0.10 0.037 Yes[20] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hypernatremia 1
17 Chlorine 1.5×10−3 0.095 0.024 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Cl-transporting ATPase) Hyperchloremia 17
12 Magnesium 500×10−6 0.019 0.0070 Yes[20][21] (e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides) Hypermagnesemia 2
26 Iron* 60×10−6 0.0042 0.00067 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Hemoglobin, Cytochromes) Iron overload 8
9 Fluorine 37×10−6 0.0026 0.0012 Yes (AUS, NZ),[24] No (US, EU),[25][26] Maybe (WHO)[27] Fluorine: Highly toxic

Fluoride: Toxic in high amounts

17
30 Zinc 32×10−6 0.0023 0.00031 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Zinc finger proteins) Zinc toxicity 12
14 Silicon 20×10−6 0.0010 0.0058 Probably[28] 14
31 Gallium 4.9×10−6 0.0007 0.00093 No Gallium halide poisoning[29] 13
37 Rubidium 4.6×10−6 0.00068 0.000033 No Potassium replacement 1
38 Strontium 4.6×10−6 0.00032 0.000033 No Calcium replacement 2
35 Bromine 2.9×10−6 0.00026 0.000030 Maybe[30] Bromism 17
82 Lead 1.7×10−6 0.00012 0.0000045 No Lead poisoning 14
29 Copper 1×10−6 0.000072 0.0000104 Yes[20][21] (e.g. copper proteins) Copper toxicity 11
13 Aluminium 870×10−9 0.000060 0.000015 No Aluminium poisoning 13
48 Cadmium 720×10−9 0.000050 0.0000045 No Cadmium poisoning 12
58 Cerium 570×10−9 0.000040 No
56 Barium 310×10−9 0.000022 0.0000012 No toxic in higher amounts 2
50 Tin 240×10−9 0.000020 6.0×10−7 Maybe[1] 14
53 Iodine 160×10−9 0.000020 7.5×10−7 Yes[20][21] (e.g. thyroxine, triiodothyronine) Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism 17
22 Titanium 130×10−9 0.000020 No 4
5 Boron 690×10−9 0.000018 0.0000030 Probably[10][31] 13
34 Selenium 190×10−9 0.000015 4.5×10−8 Yes[20][21] (e.g. selenocysteine) Selenium toxicity 16
28 Nickel 140×10−9 0.000015 0.0000015 Maybe[1] Nickel Toxicity 10
24 Chromium 24×10−9 0.000014 8.9×10−8 Maybe[1][20][21] 6
25 Manganese 170×10−9 0.000012 0.0000015 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Mn-SOD) Manganism 7
33 Arsenic 260×10−9 0.000007 8.9×10−8 Maybe[1][2] Arsenic poisoning 15
3 Lithium 31×10−9 0.000007 0.0000015 Possibly (intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins) Lithium toxicity 1
80 Mercury 190×10−9 0.000006 8.9×10−8 No Mercury poisoning 12
55 Caesium 21×10−9 0.000006 1.0×10−7 No 1
42 Molybdenum 130×10−9 0.000005 4.5×10−8 Yes[20][21] (e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase) 6
32 Germanium 5×10−6 No 14
27 Cobalt 21×10−9 0.000003 3.0×10−7 Yes (e.g. Cobalamin/Vitamin B12)[32][33] 9
44 Ruthenium 22×10−9 0.000007 No [34] 8
51 Antimony 110×10−9 0.000002 No toxic 15
47 Silver 10×10−9 0.000002 No 11
41 Niobium 1600×10−9 0.0000015 No 5
40 Zirconium 6×10−9 0.000001 3.0×10−7 No 4
57 Lanthanum 1370×10−9 8×10−7 No
52 Tellurium 120×10−9 7×10−7 No 16
39 Yttrium 6×10−7 No 3
83 Bismuth 5×10−7 No 15
81 Thallium 5×10−7 No highly toxic 13
49 Indium 4×10−7 No 13
79 Gold 3×10−9 2×10−7 3.0×10−7 No uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic[35][36][37] 11
21 Scandium 2×10−7 No 3
73 Tantalum 2×10−7 No 5
23 Vanadium 260×10−9 0.000020 1.2×10−8 Possibly[10] (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor) 5
90 Thorium 1×10−7 No toxic, radioactive
92 Uranium 1×10−7 3.0×10−9 No toxic, radioactive
62 Samarium 5.0×10−8 No
74 Tungsten 2.0×10−8 No 6
4 Beryllium 3.6×10−8 4.5×10−8 No toxic in higher amounts 2
88 Radium 3×10−14 1×10−17 No toxic, radioactive 2
2 Helium 20.39×10−21 2.4×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
10 Neon 8.5×10−23 1×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
18 Argon 4.25×10−23 0.5×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
36 Krypton 2.125×10−23 0.25×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18

*Iron = ~3 g in males, ~2.3 g in females

Of the 94 naturally occurring chemical elements, 61 are listed in the table above. Of the remaining 33, it is not known how many occur in the human body.

Most of the elements needed for life are relatively common in the Earth's crust. Aluminium, the third most common element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon), serves no function in living cells, but is toxic in large amounts, depending on its physical and chemical forms and magnitude, duration, frequency of exposure, and how it was absorbed by the human body.[38] Transferrins can bind aluminium.[39]

Periodic table

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Essential elements for higher organisms (eucarya).[40][41][42][43][44][45]
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Legend:
  The four basic organic elements
  Quantity elements
  Essential trace elements
  Essentiality or function debated
  Not essential in humans, but essential/beneficial for some non-human eucarya

Composition

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The composition of the human body can be classified as follows:

The estimated contents of a typical 20-micrometre human cell is as follows:[46]

Compound type Percent of mass Mol. weight (daltons) Compound Percent of molecules
Water 65 18 1.74×1014 98.73
Other inorganics 1.5 N/A 1.31×1012 0.74
Lipids 12 N/A 8.4×1011 0.475
Other organics 0.4 N/A 7.7×1010 0.044
Protein 20 N/A 1.9×1010 0.011
RNA 1.0 N/A 5×107 3×10−5
DNA 0.1 1×1011 46 3×10−11

Tissues

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The main cellular components of the human body[47][48][49]
  Cell type % mass % cell count
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 4.2 85.0
Muscle cells 28.6 0.001
Adipocytes (fat cells) 18.6 0.2
Other cells 14.3 14.8
Extracellular components 34.3 -

Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material, such as:

Composition by cell type

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Main article: List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
Main article: Human microbiome § Relative numbers

There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, there are roughly as many microbial as human cells in the human body by number.[47][50][51][52][53] (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms.

See also

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References

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  2. ^ a b "Arsenic in Food and Dietary Supplements". US Food and Drug Administration. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  3. ^ McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG (2014). "Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture". Cell. 157 (6): 1380–92. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009. PMC 4144415. PMID 24906154.
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  7. ^ Use WP:CALC for the mean of means for males and females, since the two groups are of about equal size
  8. ^ See table 1. here
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