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Coober Pedy

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Coober Pedy (/ˈkuːbər ˈpiːdi/) is a town in northern South Australia, 846 km (526 mi) north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway. The town is sometimes referred to as the "opal capital of the world" because of the quantity of precious opals that are mined there. A blower truck is raised above the town sign, representing the importance of opal mining to the town's history. Coober Pedy is also renowned for its below-ground dwellings, called "dugouts", which are built in this fashion due to the scorching daytime heat.

Coober Pedy
Umoona
South Australia
Town centre
Coober Pedy is located in South Australia
Coober Pedy
Coober Pedy
Coordinates29°0′40″S 134°45′20″E / 29.01111°S 134.75556°E / -29.01111; 134.75556
Population1,437 (UCL 2021)[1]
Established1915
Postcode(s)5723
Location
LGA(s)District Council of Coober Pedy
RegionFar North
State electorate(s)Giles
Federal division(s)Grey
Mean max temp[2] Mean min temp[2] Annual rainfall[2]
27.8 °C
82 °F		 14.2 °C
58 °F		 144.2 mm
5.7 in
Localities around Coober Pedy:
Mount Willoughby Mount Willoughby
Mount Barry		 Anna Creek
Mount Clarence Station Coober Pedy Anna Creek
Mount Clarence Station
Ingomar		 Ingomar Mount Douall
FootnotesAdjoining localities[3]

The name "Coober Pedy" is thought to derive from the Kokatha-Barngarla term kupa-piti, which translates to "whitefellas' hole", but in 1975 the local Aboriginal people of the town adopted the name Umoona, which means "long life" and is also their name for the mulga tree.

History

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Aboriginal people have a longstanding connection with the area,[4] which is considered by the people of the Western Desert to be the traditional lands of the Arabana people, although Kokatha and Yankunytjatjara people are also closely attached to some ceremonial sites in the area. The origin of the name of the town (decided in 1920)[5] is thought to derive from the words in the Kokatha language, kupa piti, usually translated as "whitefella" and "hole in the ground", or guba bidi, "white man's holes", relating to white people's mining activities.[6][note 1] Further investigation into the words by linguists shows that kupa may have originated from the Parnkalla language and that piti may be the Kokatha word specifically created for "quarry" (a white man's activity).[6]

In 1858, Scottish-born John McDouall Stuart was the first European explorer to pass near the site of Coober Pedy.[4]

On 1 February 1915, Wille Hutchison discovered the first opal in the area, after which the town was established.[4] Opal miners started moving in around 1916.[9]

In 1920, five years later, a meeting settled on the name of Coober Pedy, when a post office was established.[5]

In July 1975, the local Aboriginal people of Coober Pedy adopted the name Umoona, which means "long life" and is also their name for the Acacia aneura, or mulga tree, which is plentiful in the area.[5] The name has since been used for various establishments in the town (Umoona Opal Mine and Museum, Umoona Community Art Centre, Umoona Tjutagku Health Service Aboriginal Corporation).

Location and governance

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Coober Pedy is a small town about halfway between Adelaide and Alice Springs,[10] in the Far North region of South Australia.[11]

It falls within the electoral district of Giles for the state government elections,[12] and in the federal government Division of Grey.[13]

Geography

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Coober Pedy is situated on the edge of the erosional scarp of the Stuart Ranges, on beds of sandstone and siltstone 30 metres (100 ft) deep and topped with a stony, treeless desert. Very little plant life exists in town due to the region's low rainfall, the high cost of water, and lack of topsoil.[14]

 
Coober Pedy – sunset on the Breakways

The harsh summer desert temperatures mean that many residents prefer to live in caves bored into the hillsides (known as "dugouts"). A standard three-bedroom cave home with lounge, kitchen, and bathroom can be excavated out of the rock in the hillside for a similar price to building a house on the surface. However, dugouts remain at a constant temperature, while surface buildings need air conditioning, especially during the summer months, when temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The relative humidity rarely gets over 20% on these hot days, and the skies are usually cloud-free. The average maximum temperature is 30–32 °C (86–90 °F), but it can get quite cool in the winter.[citation needed]

The town's water supply, managed by the District Council which operates a bore and associated treatment plant, comes from the Great Artesian Basin. Problems with ageing pipes, high water losses, and lack of subsidies contribute to consumer water charges being the highest in South Australia.[15]

Climate

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Coober Pedy in March 2005

Coober Pedy has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with very hot summers and mild winters. There is great seasonal variation due to the town's inland location. Average maxima vary between 36.7 °C (98.1 °F) in January and 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) in June; average minima range between 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) in January and 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) in July.[16] The mean annual precipitation is among the lowest in Australia: 144.2 millimetres (5.68 in). It is well-distributed, spread across 38.8 precipitation days.[17][18] The town is very sunny, experiencing 173.8 clear days and only 63.7 cloudy days per year. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) on 20 December 2019 to −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) on 30 July 1976.[19][note 2]

Coober Pedy was flooded when 115 millimetres (4.5 in) – more than three-quarters of the mean annual rainfall – was recorded in 24 hours on 10 April 2014.[20]

Climate data for Coober Pedy (29º01'48"S, 134º43'12"E, 225 m AMSL) (1994-2024 normals, extremes to 1965)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 47.8
(118.0) 		47.0
(116.6) 		44.4
(111.9) 		41.5
(106.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		44.8
(112.6) 		45.9
(114.6) 		48.3
(118.9) 		48.3
(118.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 36.7
(98.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.2
(57.6)
Record low °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.8
(0.58) 		14.3
(0.56) 		10.5
(0.41) 		14.3
(0.56) 		9.4
(0.37) 		13.4
(0.53) 		4.8
(0.19) 		6.6
(0.26) 		8.2
(0.32) 		13.1
(0.52) 		15.4
(0.61) 		19.3
(0.76) 		144.2
(5.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 2.9 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.9 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.7 4.6 38.8
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 18 22 22 26 33 41 37 29 24 22 21 20 26
Average dew point °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		3.5
(38.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		2.5
(36.5)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1994-2024 normals, extremes to 1965)[2][21]

Mining

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Opals

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Umoona Opal Mine

Oral history suggests that Aboriginal people knew where opals were in the Coober Pedy area, but did not value them because food was more important.[22] In 1915, the first opals near Coober Pedy were found by a gold prospector. Earlier opal mining in Australia was mainly concentrated in New South Wales in towns such as Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs, and nearby Andamooka in South Australia.[23]

Following World War I, returning soldiers sought employment in the opal mines, which were expanding rapidly, and following World War II many refugees, veterans, and immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe found employment in the mines as well. At some points in the post-war period, up to 60 per cent of miners at Coober Pedy had Southern or Eastern European ancestry.[23] Aboriginal people were also employed in the industry from the 1940s.[22] A 2016 thesis by M. Harding suggests "the small-scale and informal nature of the opal industry attracted Aboriginal people because of the level of workplace autonomy it provided", and it also accommodated their cultural practices. While opal mining around the town had slumped in the early 1940s, it picked up after a local Aboriginal woman, Tottie Bryant, discovered a large deposit in 1945.[24]

In August 1956 at the 'Eight Mile' opal field, the Olympic Australis opal was found approximately 30 feet below the ground. It is the largest and one of the most valuable opals mined to date, consisting of 99 per cent gem opal (the other 1 per cent being soil). The Olympic Australis measures 11 inches in length, 4+3⁄4 inches height, 4+1⁄2 inches in width, and weighs 17,000 carats (3,450 g, 121.7 oz, or 7.6 lb). It was valued at AU$2,500,000 (roughly US$1,708,000) in both 1997 and 2005, and is currently held in the offices of Altmann & Cherny Ltd, one of Australia's most prominent vendors and authorities on opals.[25][23]

Starting around the 1970s, mechanized opal mining became more common, allowing for faster and comparatively less dangerous shaft digging, tunnelling, and tailings removal.

By 1999, there were more than 250,000 mine shaft entrances in the area. Fossicking and mining laws discouraged large-scale mining by allowing each prospector a 165-square-foot (15.3 m2) claim.[9] These laws were also enacted in response to the hazards of walking around the town, with many mine shafts unmarked, abandoned, or merely dangerous to navigate. Coober Pedy supplies most of the world's gem-quality opal; it has over 70 opal fields.[26] An opalized fossil skeleton of an Umoonasaurus that has been nicknamed "Eric" was discovered in the Zorba Extension Opal Field near to Coober Pedy. The fossil is now in the Westpac Long Gallery of the Australian Museum.[27][28]

Around 95 per cent of the opals mined today are gray, white potch, or common opals which are less valuable as they do not have opalescence. Black opals and other precious opals are rarer, but much more valuable for their opalescence and other desirable optical properties.

Other minerals

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In May 2009, South Australian Premier Mike Rann opened the $1.15 billion Prominent Hill Mine, 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Coober Pedy. The copper-gold mine is operated by OZ Minerals.[29]

In August 2010, Rann opened the Cairn Hill iron ore/copper/gold mine operated by IMX Resources near Coober Pedy. It was the first new iron ore mining area opened in South Australia since the 19th century.[30] Due to low iron ore prices, the Cairn Hill mine was closed in June 2014.[31] It was sold to Cu-River Mining who reopened the mine in 2016.[32]

Oil reserves

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In 2013, a potentially significant tight oil (oil trapped in oil-bearing shales) resource was found near the outskirts of Coober Pedy in the Arckaringa Basin.[33] This resource was estimated to hold between 3.5 and 223 billion barrels (560×10^6 and 35,450×10^6 m3) of oil, providing the potential for Australia to become a net oil exporter.[34][35]

Tourism

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An underground jewellery shop in Coober Pedy
 
Entrance to an underground motel, Coober Pedy (2007)
 
Coober Pedy underground motel room

Coober Pedy is famous for its underground accommodation.[36] The town has become a popular stopover point and tourist destination, especially since 1987, when the sealing of the Stuart Highway was completed.[citation needed]

Coober Pedy today relies as much on tourism as the opal mining industry to provide the community with employment and sustainability.[citation needed]

Visitors' attractions in Coober Pedy include the mines, the graveyard and the underground churches (the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church).[37] There are several motels offering underground accommodation, ranging from a few rooms to the entire motel being a dug-out.[38] The hybrid Coober Pedy Solar Power Station supplies power to the off-grid area.[39]

The dugout of crocodile hunter and WWII Latvian National Armed Forces soldier Arvid Blumenthal (or 'Crocodile Harry') is a famous tourist spot, known as 'Crocodile Harry's Underground Nest'. It is known for its bone collection, art and graffiti, and messages written by tourists. The dugout is featured as a set in movies, including Pitch Black and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome.[40][41]

The Umoona Opal Mine and Museum is a popular attraction.[42]

The annual Coober Pedy Opal Festival takes place in June, with the 34th edition occurring in 2023.[43]

Heritage sites

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The underground Church of St Elijah, a Serbian Orthodox Church

Coober Pedy has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

  • 13 Hutchison Street: Three-Roomed Dugout[44]
  • 9 Hutchison Street: Coober Pedy Catholic Church and Presbytery[45]

Amenities and services

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The Umoona Tjutagku Health Service Aboriginal Corporation (UTHSAC) was established in 2005 to provide health services for local Aboriginal people.[46]

Local media

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Coober Pedy is home to the Coober Pedy Regional Times, a free community publication released fortnightly since 15 March 2001.[47] Under a previous name, it had begun as a newsletter called the Coober Pedy Times, which was first issued in August 1982,[48] itself continuing from a publication known as "Opal Chips".[49] After some financial difficulties, the Times was bought by its editor, Margaret McKay,[50] in 2006 and now includes online versions.[49]

Coober Pedy is served by both local and national radio and television services. The government-owned ABC provides three broadcast radio stations — local radio ABC North & West SA 106.1FM and the national networks ABC Radio National 107.7FM and Triple J 101.3FM.

Commercial radio stations are Dusty Radio 104.5FM and Flow FM 99.7. Community radio is provided by indigenous broadcaster CAAMA Radio 102.9FM.

Five broadcast television services operate in Coober Pedy: commercial stations Imparja Television, Southern Cross Central (formally known as Seven Central) and 10 Central. Also including the Government-owned ABC and SBS.

Sport and recreation

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The local golf course – mostly played at night with glowing balls, to avoid daytime heat – is completely free of grass, and golfers take a small piece of "turf" around to use for teeing off. As a result of correspondence between the two clubs, the Coober Pedy Golf Club is the only club in the world to enjoy reciprocal rights at The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews.[51]

The town also has an Australian rules football club, the Coober Pedy Saints, established in 2004, which competes in the Far North Football League (formerly the Woomera & Districts Football League). Due to the town's isolation, to play matches the Saints must make round trips of over 900 kilometres (560 mi) to Roxby Downs, where the rest of the league's teams are located.

The town has a drive-in theatre. It opened in 1965, but became less popular after 1980 with the arrival of television to the town, and ceased regular operation in 1984. It was re-opened in 1996,[52][53] and with the closure of the Mainline Drive-in at Gepps Cross in February 2022,[54] became the last drive-in in the state.[55][56]

Art centre

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A board for the Umoona Community Art Centre was established in 2021, but needs government funding to establish a permanent location in the town. A group of highly talented artists has joined the APY Art Centre Collective, which helps to create employment opportunities for Indigenous artists in the region. An exhibition in the Adelaide gallery of the collective in September 2021 featured the work of 24 of these artists.[57]

In philately

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A rare exhibition cachet, signed by Coober Pedy postmaster Alfred P. North, was discovered in Memphis, Tennessee, by philatelist David Saks on 3 February 2016. To date, it is the only known example of this cachet in the world.[58][59][unreliable source?]

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Both the town and its hinterland, for different reasons, are photogenic and have attracted film makers.[60] The town itself is the setting for several films, and its environment has also attracted movie producers. These include:

Films

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Video game

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Transport

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The mail truck to Oodnadatta, 2007

The town is served by daily coach services from Adelaide by Greyhound Australia. The Ghan train serves the town through the Manguri Siding, 42 kilometres (26 mi) from Coober Pedy, which is served by trains once weekly in each direction. Passengers on The Ghan are not usually allowed to disembark at Manguri unless they have prearranged transport, due to the siding's isolation and the extremely cold temperatures at night.[69]

Coober Pedy is a gateway to the outback communities of Oodnadatta and William Creek, which are both located on the Oodnadatta Track. There is a twice-a-week mail run from Coober Pedy to these communities and other outback homesteads. It carries the mail, general freight and passengers.[70]

Regional Express also has direct flights to Adelaide, from Coober Pedy Airport.

Preceding station Journey Beyond Following station
Alice Springs
One-way operation
 The Ghan
towards Adelaide only
 Adelaide
Terminus

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also reported as meaning "boys' waterhole" in some sources.[7][8]
  2. ^ Extremes were combined from the closed Coober Pedy station and the current weather station at the airport.

References

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  1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Coober Pedy (urban centre and locality)". Australian Census 2021.  
  2. ^ a b c d "Coober Pedy Airport Climate Statistics (1994-2024)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Search result for "Coober Pedy (LOCB)" (Record no SA0015214) with the following layers selected - "Suburbs and Localities", "Place names (gazetteer)" and "Road Labels"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Henderson Henderson. "District Council of Coober Pedy - Welcome to the Opal Capital of the World". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  5. ^ a b c "The History of Coober Pedy". Coober Pedy SA. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  6. ^ a b Naessan, Petter (2010). "The etymology of Coober Pedy, South Australia". Aboriginal History. 34: 217–233. JSTOR 24047032. PDF
  7. ^ Manning, Geoffrey H. (2012). "A compendium of the place names of South Australia". State Library of South Australia.
  8. ^ Place Names of South Australia Archived 28 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b Smith, R. Australia: Journey Through a Timeless Land. National Geographic Society, 1999. p 118.
  10. ^ Klein, Steve (14 July 2023). "Adelaide to Alice Springs Drive & Stops Along the Way". Curious Campers. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Far North SA government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  12. ^ "District of Giles Background Profile". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  13. ^ "Federal electoral division of Grey, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  14. ^ Government of South Australia Department for Environment and Water (2022). South Australian Arid Lands: Districts and bioregions (PDF). Department for Environment and Water.
  15. ^ Opal capital Coober Pedy 'on knife-edge' as desert town faces big water problem ABC News, 6 March 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  16. ^ "Coober Pedy Airport Climate (1994-2024)". FarmOnline Weather. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  17. ^ Coober Pedy Visitor Information Centre > Climate Accessed 13 July 2014.
  18. ^ CooberPedy.com.au > Coober Pedy weather Accessed 15 July 2014.
  19. ^ "Coober Pedy Climate (1921-2018)". FarmOnline Weather. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  20. ^ "'Hopping mad' residents hit by outback flooding at Coober Pedy". Abc.net.au. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  21. ^ "Coober Pedy Climate Statistics (1921-2018)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  22. ^ a b Higgins, Kate; Carbone, Isabella (17 August 2024). "The 'very, very untold history' of Coober Pedy's Aboriginal opal miners". ABC News. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  23. ^ a b c Shang, GG, Phoebe (n.d.). "Opal Mining in Coober Pedy: History and Methods". International Gem Society (IGS). Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  24. ^ Harding, Michael Albert (August 2016). 'Plenty of opal back then: Opal Pulkah': a history of Aboriginal engagement in the Northern South Australian opal industry c.1940–1980. Adelaide Research & Scholarship (PhD). University of Adelaide. Retrieved 26 August 2024. PDF
  25. ^ "Famous Opals". Opals Down Under. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  26. ^ "Opals - The Gem of the Outback". Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  27. ^ Shepherd, Tory (13 May 2023). "White Cliffs NSW: where life is lived underground and the desert 'does all sorts of strange things'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  28. ^ Yi Zhen, Yong (4 April 2017). "A National Treasure". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  29. ^ Christopher Russell (25 May 2009). "Prominent Hill open for business". The Advertiser. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  30. ^ "IMX Celebrates Opening of SA's First Iron Ore Mining District Since 19th Century" (PDF) (Press release). IMX Resources. 26 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  31. ^ Cairn Hill iron ore miner IMX Resources to close South Australian office, focus on Tanzanian exploration The Advertiser, 3 September 2014. Accessed 4 September 2014.
  32. ^ "Overview". Cu-River Mining. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Major oil discovery in outback SA". Yahoo7 Finance Australia. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  34. ^ England, Cameron (24 January 2013). "$20 trillion shale oil find surrounding Coober Pedy 'can fuel Australia'". Herald Sun. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  35. ^ "$20 trillion shale oil find surrounding Coober Pedy 'can fuel Australia'". NewsComAu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  36. ^ "The Australian town where people live underground". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  37. ^ "Coober Pedy Attractions" (PDF). Coober Pedy Visitors Information Center. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  38. ^ "Experience Underground". www.cooberpedy.net. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  39. ^ "EDL's Coober Pedy Hybrid Renewable Project wins at 2019 Asia Power Awards". RenewEconomy. 5 September 2019.
  40. ^ "Crocodile Harry: The Man Who Inspired Crocodile Dundee". Culture Trip. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Crocodile Harry's Underground Nest & Dugout". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Umoona Opal Mine And Museum". South Australia. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  43. ^ "Home". Coober Pedy Opal Festival. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  44. ^ "Three-roomed dugout, including the ground within two metres of the dugout space". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  45. ^ "Coober Pedy Catholic Church & Presbytery". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  46. ^ "Hohme". Umoona Tjutagku Health Service. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  47. ^ Coober Pedy regional times [newspaper: microform]. Coober Pedy, S. Aust: Coober Pedy Regional Times. 2001.
  48. ^ "Coober Pedy times". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  49. ^ a b "Coober Pedy Regional Times". Coober Pedy Regional Times. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  50. ^ Laube, Anthony. "LibGuides: SA Newspapers: Far North". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  51. ^ Lane, James M. (2008). Moon Living Abroad in Australia. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-59880-139-2.
  52. ^ "History of the Coober Pedy Drive-in". Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  53. ^ Patrick Martin (7 April 2019). "Coober Pedy's desert drive-in cinema a feast for the eyes — and not just on-screen". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  54. ^ "Adelaide's last suburban drive-in cinema, the Mainline, to close after more than 65 years". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  55. ^ "About Us". Coober Pedy Drive-In Theatre. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  56. ^ Sulda, Dixie (21 May 2023). "Australia's drive-in culture fading to black as outdoor cinema numbers drop from 330 to just 15 venues". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  57. ^ Roberts, Georgia (9 October 2021). "Umoona Art Centre plan to fill 'major gap' and create opportunities in Coober Pedy -". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  58. ^ "Jennifer Davison - The Royal Coober Pedy Historical Society". Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  59. ^ Owens, David. "Connecting Wynne to the World". Wynne Progress. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  60. ^ Gluckman, Ron. "Home Under the Range". Ron Gluckman in Cyberspace. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g "Coober Pedy". RockWalk Park. Archived from the original on 28 July 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h "Movies Filmed in Coober Pedy". Coober Pedy Drive-In Theatre. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  63. ^ Razz and Mark's 'Instant Hotel' Is Like Staying at the Flintstones' Distractify 20 April 2020
  64. ^ Knox, David (2 May 2023). "Coober Pedy home to Stars on Mars series". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  65. ^ Hobday, Liz (May 2023). "Coober Pedy becomes Red Planet in Stars On Mars". 7news.com.au. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  66. ^ Debelle, Penelope (12 May 2023). "Coober Pedy provides a dramatic backdrop for new film Limbo". InDaily. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  67. ^ "Environments, Landmarks, Weather". Forza Support. 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  68. ^ Concepcion, Miguel (14 April 2022). "Forza Horizon 3 Barn Find locations guide". gamesradar. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  69. ^ "Q & A". Great Southern Railway. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  70. ^ "The Mail Run Tour". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006.
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