The Eight Men was a group of eight residents chosen by the people of New Netherland in 1643 to advise Director Willem Kieft on his governance of the colony. An early form of representational democracy in colonial North America, it replaced the similarly selected Twelve Men and was followed by the Nine Men.
Council
editIn 1643 Abraham Pietersen Van Deusen, who had served on the council of the Twelve Men, was appointed to a new body of eight men. The group contacted the Estates-General of the Netherlands and blamed governor Willem Kieft for the declining economic condition of the nascent colony, and Kieft's War with the Native Americans. They requested that a new Director-General of New Netherland be appointed, and that the people be given more influence in the new government. Director-General Kieft was dismissed and replaced by Peter Stuyvesant. Kieft left for Holland in September 1647 to defend himself to the Estates-General, but the Princess Amelia was lost at sea and his body was never recovered. Stuyvesant remained in power until the colony was turned over to the British in 1664.
John Franklin Jameson (1859–1937) wrote of the Eight Men:
The commonalty were called together; they were sore distressed. They chose eight, instead of the previous twelve, persons to aid in consulting for the best; but the occupation every one had to take care of his own, prevented anything beneficial being adopted at that time. nevertheless it was resolved that as many Englishmen as were to be got in the country should be enlisted, who were indeed now proposing to depart; the third part of these were to be paid by the commonalty; this promise was made by the commonalty but was not followed by the pay.
Council Members
editThe council members were:[1][2]
- Isaac Allerton[3]
- Jan Jansen Dam, who was replaced by Jan Everts Bout[4]
- Barent Dircksen
- Oloff Stevense Van Cortlandt
- Thomas Hal, sometimes spelled as Thomas Hall
- Jochem Pietersen Kuyter
- Cornelis Melyn, was chairman
- Abraham Pietersen Van Deursen
- Wolphert Gerretse Van Kouwenhoven
- Captain John Underhill, appointed in 1645
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ New York State; O'Callaghan, EB; Broadhead, John Romeyn: Documents relative to the colonial history of the state of New York, Vol. I, p. 191, 1856
- ^ "New Amsterdam - Notable Citizens genealogy project".
- ^ Heinsohn, Ph.D., Robert Jennings. "Heinsohn, Ph.D." Sail 1620. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
Director-General William Kieft was an autocrat and ruled New Amsterdam in an arbitrary fashion, generating animosity throughout the colony. In 1643 a minor altercation with Indians evolved into a serious uprising followed by an ugly slaughter of Weckquaskeek Indians on Manhattan Island. Kieft feared a major Indian assault. Allerton was asked by Kieft to join a "group of 8 men" to help New Amsterdam. Because he was English and respected in New Haven, Kieft sent Allerton and another Englishman to New Haven in 1643 to ask for men and materials to help defend New Amsterdam. In addition, the "group of 8" was asked to propose measures to improve civility and law-and-order in New Amsterdam. New Haven refused to send men to support the Dutch but Kieft entered into an agreement with the Indians in 1645 that settled the dispute. Because of Kieft's dictatorial manner, several of the eight men petitioned the WIC directors to recall Kieft as Director-General. In time Kieft was replaced by Peter Stuyvesant, and the men initiating the recall petition were accused of insurrection and faced punishment. Allerton was the second signatory of the petition but was not the group's primary spokesman. In 1646, Allerton established a permanent residence in New Haven.
- ^ Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12906-1.
...replaced by Jan Evertz Bout....
Further reading
edit- Benson John Lossing; The Empire State: A Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York