Dammar, also called dammar gum, or damar gum, is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and Southeast Asia, principally those of the genera Shorea or Hopea (synonym Balanocarpus). The resin of some species of Canarium may also called dammar. Most is produced by tapping trees; however, some is collected in fossilised form on the ground. The gum varies in colour from clear to pale yellow, while the fossilised form is grey-brown. Dammar gum is a triterpenoid resin, containing many triterpenes and their oxidation products. Many of them are low molecular weight compounds (dammarane, dammarenolic acid, oleanane, oleanonic acid, etc.), which easily oxidizes and photoxidizes.[1]
Types
edit- Damar mata kucing ('cat's eye damar') is a crystalline resin, usually in the form of round balls. Shorea javanica is an important source in Indonesia.[citation needed]
- Damar batu ('stone damar') is stone or pebble-shaped, opaque dammar collected from the ground.[citation needed]
- Damar hitam ('black damar')
Uses
edit- Dammar varnish, made from dammar gum dissolved in turpentine, was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826;[2] commonly used in oil painting, both during the painting process and after the painting is finished.[3] Dammar varnish and similar gum varnishes auto-oxidize and yellow over a relatively short time regardless of storage method; this effect is more pronounced on paintings stored in darkness than with works on display in light due to the bleaching effects of sunlight on the colorants involved.[4]
- Batik is made from dammar crystals dissolved in molten paraffin wax, to prevent the wax from cracking when it is drawn onto silk or rayon.[citation needed]
- Encaustic paints are made from dammar crystals in beeswax with pigment added. The dammar crystals serve as a hardening agent.[5]
- As caulk for ships in the past, frequently with pitch or bitumen.[6]
- As a common mounting material along with canada balsam for preparing biological samples for light microscopy.[7]
- Used in Ayurvedic medicine for various conditions.[8]
Constituent compounds
editFresh dammar gum consists of a mixture of compounds; primarily hydroxydammarenone, dammarenolic acid, and oleanonic aldehyde.[4]
Material safety
editPhysical data
edit- Appearance: white powder
- Melting point: around 120 °C
- Density: 1.04 to 1.12 g/ml
- Refractive index: around 1.5
- CAS number: 9000-16-2
- EINECS: 232-528-4
- Harmonised Tariff: 1301-90
Stability and toxicity
editThe gum is stable[citation needed], probably combustible and incompatible with strong oxidising agents. Its toxicity is low, but inhalation of dust may cause allergies.
See also
edit- Agathis (Araucariaceae), synonym Dammara
- Canarium strictum (Burseraceae), source of black dammar in South Asia
- Kauri gum, from Agathis australis
- Shorea hypochra (Dipterocarpaceae), source of dammar temak
- Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae), source of sal dammar
- Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae), source of white dammar in South Asia
References
edit- ^ Scalarone, D.; Duursma, M.C.; Boon, J.J.; Chiantoire, O. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on cellulosic surfaces of fresh and photo-aged di- and triterpenoid varnish resins. J. Mass. Spec. 2005, 40, 1527-1535. doi:10.1002/jms.893
- ^ William Theodore Brannt (1893). Varnishes, lacquers, printing inks and sealing-waxes: their raw materials and their manufacture. H.C. Baird & Co. p. 168.
- ^ Mayer, Ralph (1991). The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques (5th ed.). Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-83701-6.
- ^ a b Dietemann, Patrick; Higgitt, Catherine; Kälin, Moritz; Edelmann, Michael J.; Knochenmuss, Richard; Zenobi, Renato (January 2009). "Aging and yellowing of triterpenoid resin varnishes – Influence of aging conditions and resin composition". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 10 (1): 30–40. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2008.04.007.
- ^ Mayer, Ralph; Sheehan, Steven (1991). The artist's handbook of materials and techniques (Fifth, revised and updated ed.). New York. ISBN 0670837016. OCLC 22178945.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Burger, P.; Charrié-Duhaut, A.; Connan, J.; Flecker, M.J.; Albrecht, P. Archaeological resinous samples from Asian wrecks: Taxonomic characterization by GC–MS. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2009, 648, 85-97. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.022
- ^ "The microscope. Simon Henry Gage. Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, Philadelphia". The Anatomical Record. 5 (12): 562. December 1911. doi:10.1002/ar.1090051205. ISSN 0003-276X.
- ^ MD(Ayu), Dr J. V. Hebbar (2015-04-24). "Sarja - Vateria indica Uses, Dose, Research, Side Effects". Easy Ayurveda. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
Further reading
edit- Simon, Julia (19 October 2019). "Could This Tree Be an Eco-Friendly Way to Wean Indonesian Farmers Off Palm Oil?". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 20 October 2019.