David Earl Nichols (born December 23, 1944, Covington, Kentucky) is an American pharmacologist and medicinal chemist.[1] Previously the Robert C. and Charlotte P. Anderson Distinguished Chair in Pharmacology at Purdue University, Nichols has worked in the field of psychoactive drugs since 1969. While still a graduate student, he patented the method that is used to make the optical isomers of hallucinogenic amphetamines. His contributions include the synthesis and reporting of escaline, LSZ, 6-APB, 2C-I-NBOMe and other NBOMe variants (NBOMe-2C-B, NBOMe-2C-C, NBOMe-2C-D), and several others, as well as the coining of the term "entactogen".
David Earl Nichols | |
|---|---|
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| Born | December 23, 1944 |
| Citizenship | USA |
| Known for | Extensive research into 5-HT2A receptor and dopamine receptors, SAR of hallucinogens, research into MDMA neurotoxicity and MDMA analogues |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology |
| Institutions | Purdue University, Indiana University School of Medicine |
He is the founding president of the Heffter Research Institute, named after German chemist and pharmacologist Arthur Heffter, who first discovered that mescaline was the active component in the peyote cactus. In 2004 he was named the Irwin H. Page Lecturer by the former International Serotonin Club (now the International Society for Serotonin Research),[2] and delivered an address in Portugal titled, "35 years studying psychedelics: what a long strange trip it's been." Among pharmacologists, he is considered to be one of the world's top experts on psychedelics. Nichols's other professional activities include teaching medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, and teaching medical students at the Indiana University School of Medicine. He officially retired in 2012 but has continued to work for the simple reason that nobody is in the position to continue his work,[citation needed] and he is considering writing an autobiography. He is currently an adjunct professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC.[3]
Education
edit- BS - 1969 - University of Cincinnati[4]
- PhD - 1973 - University of Iowa
- Postdoc Work - 1973-74 - University of Iowa
Research areas
editNichols is still carrying out academic research on the chemistry of psychedelics. He has published approximately 250 scientific reports and book chapters, all describing the relationship between the structure of a molecule and its biological effects (often referred to as a Structure-activity relationship, or SAR). He has done extensive work using the rat model assay of drug discrimination in characterizing hallucinogenic drugs.[5] Although his research mostly uses rats, a number of compounds included in Shulgin's PIHKAL were actually first synthesized in Nichols's lab. His lab also first developed [125I]-(R)-DOI as a radioligand. Nichols is one of the few people who has published legitimate research on the chemistry and pharmacology of LSD in the last 20 years, and first reported that several LSD analogues, including ETH-LAD, PRO-LAD, and AL-LAD, were more potent than LSD itself. Their human effects are described in TiHKAL. He also improved the synthesis of psilocybin so that it could be accessible for several recent clinical studies.[6]
Other notable research that he helped carry out includes extensive studies of the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of MDA and MDMA, during which he helped to discover many novel analogues including such compounds as 5-methyl-MDA, 4-MTA and MDAI. Nichols has said that he believes gray-market chemists used information from papers he published on 4-methylthioamphetamine (MTA) in the 1990s to synthesize the drug, which they sold in tablets nicknamed "flatliners" as a substitute for MDMA (Ecstasy)."[7]
More recently, Nichols has become one of the world leaders in research on dopamine, and his team has developed several notable dopamine receptor ligands, including the selective D1 full agonist compounds dihydrexidine and dinapsoline which have been researched for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as well as a number of other subtype-selective dopamine agonists derived from dinoxyline. He co-founded DarPharma, Inc. to commercialize his dopamine compounds; several of his team's compounds are now being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and the cognitive and memory deficits of schizophrenia.
Impact on the designer drug market
editDesigner drug producers who scan scientific literature for information on compounds with potential grey market value have described Nichols' publications as an "especially valuable" road map to making new designer drugs.[8] Several deaths have been attributed to compounds that have been discovered in Nichols' lab, which he finds quite upsetting, "I was stunned by this revelation, and it left me with a hollow and depressed feeling for some time."[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research, Volume 1, 1998 - 5. The Medicinal Chemistry of Phenethylamine Psychedelics by David E. Nichols, Ph.D." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-04.
- ^ "Home". serotoninclub.org.
- ^ "David Nichols".Archived 2022-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "David E. Nichols, PhD, Robert C. and Charlotte P. Anderson Distinguished Chair in Pharmacology". Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ^ Renaud Jardri; Arnaud Cachia; Pierre Thomas; Delphine Pins (2012). The Neuroscience of Hallucinations. Springer. pp. 262–263. ISBN 9781461441205.
- ^ Nichols, David E, Frescas, Stewart (1999). "Improvements to the synthesis of psilocybin and a facile method for preparing the O-acetyl prodrug of psilocin". Synthesis. 1999 (06): 935–938. doi:10.1055/s-1999-3490. Retrieved October 18, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sullum, Jacob (2011-01-06) If Only There Were Some Way to Discourage the Marketing of Dangerous Substitutes for Banned Drugs..., Reason
- ^ Whalen, Jeanne (Oct 30, 2010). "In Quest for 'Legal High,' Chemists Outfox Law". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ^ Nichols, David (5 January 2011). "Legal highs: the dark side of medicinal chemistry". Nature. 469 (7): 7. Bibcode:2011Natur.469....7N. doi:10.1038/469007a. PMID 21209630.
Further reading
edit- The Medicinal Chemistry of Phenethylamine Psychedelics Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
- LSD and Its Lysergamide Cousins Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
External links
edit- Purdue University - Nichols
- Erowid Character Vaults: David E. Nichols
- Heffter Research Institute
- LSD Neuroscience Nichols's lecture in Psychedelic Science 2013 conference.
- Advances In Understanding How Psychedelics Work In The Brain Nichols's lecture in the Psychedelic Science in the 21st Century conference in 2010.
- David E. Nichols interviewed by Jan Irvin (2010)