Caprifoliaceae

Caprifoliaceae
	Lonicera japonica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Caprifoliaceae; Juss.
Type genus
	Lonicera ;
Genera
	See text
Synonyms
	Dipsacaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 194. 1789 [4 Aug 1789] (1789) nom. cons.; Valerianaceae Batsch, Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 227. 1802 [2 May 1802] (1802) nom. cons.

The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species^[3] in 33^[2] to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.

Description

The flowering plants in this clade are mostly shrubs and vines: rarely herbs. They include some ornamental garden plants grown in temperate regions. The leaves are mostly opposite with no stipules (appendages at the base of a leafstalk or petiole), and may be either evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are tubular funnel-shaped or bell-like, usually with five outward spreading lobes or points, and are often fragrant. They usually form a small calyx with small bracts. The fruit is in most cases a berry or a drupe. The genera Diervilla and Weigela have capsular fruit, while Heptacodium has an achene.

Taxonomy

Views of the family-level classification of the traditionally accepted Caprifoliaceae and other plants in the botanical order Dipsacales have been considerably revised in recent decades. Most botanists now accept the placement of two of the most familiar members of this group, the elderberries (Sambucus) and the viburnums (Viburnum), in the family Adoxaceae instead; these were formerly classified here. 33 genera are currently accepted.^[2]

Several other families of the more broadly treated Caprifoliaceae s.l. are separated by some but not all authors; these are treated as subfamilies in the listing of genera below,^[3] along with estimated numbers of species.

Flowering shoot of Lonicera caprifolium. 1, Fruit; 2, horizontal plan of flower.

Subfamily Diervilloideae

Diervilla Tourn. ex Mill. – bush honeysuckle, 3 species
Weigela Thunb. – 10 species

Subfamily Caprifolioideae s.s.

Heptacodium Rehder – seven-son flower, 1 species
Leycesteria Wall. – 7 species
Lonicera L. – honeysuckle, 158 species
Symphoricarpos Duhamel – snowberry, 15 species
Triosteum L. – horse gentian, 6 species

Subfamily Dipsacoideae^[4]

- × Succisoknautia Baksay – 1 species
- Triplostegia Wall. ex DC. – 1 species
Tribe Bassecoieae
- Bassecoia B.L.Burtt – 3 species
Tribe Dipsaceae
- Cephalaria Schrad. – 102 species
- Dipsacus L. – teasel, 21 species
Tribe Knautieae
- Knautia L. – 55 species
Tribe Pseudoscabioseae
- Pseudoscabiosa Devesa – 3 species
Tribe Pterocephalidieae
- Pterocephalidium G.López – 1 species
- Pterothamnus Vaill. ex Adans. – 1 species
Tribe Succiseae
- Succisa Haller - 3 species
- Succisella Beck – 5 species

Subfamily Scabiosoideae^[4]

Tribe Scabioseae
- Pterocephalus Vaill. ex Adans. – 34 species
- Scabiosa L. – scabious or pincushion flower, 68 species
Tribe Lomelosieae
- Lomelosia Raf. – 63 species
- Pycnocomon Hoffmanns. & Link – 2 species

Subfamily Linnaeoideae

Abelia R.Br. – 6 species
Diabelia Landrein – 4 species
Dipelta Maxim. – 3 species
Kolkwitzia Graebn. – beautybush, 1 species
Linnaea Gronov. ex L. – twinflower, 1 species
Vesalea M.Martens & Galeotti – 6 species

Subfamily Morinoideae

Morina L. – 14 species
Zabelia (Rehder) Makino – 8 species

Subfamily Valerianoideae

Nardostachys DC. – 1 species
Patrinia Juss. – 14 species
Valeriana L. – valerians, 426 species
Valerianella Mill. – cornsalads, 28 species

Uses

The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy shrubs or vines of ornamental value, many of which are popular garden shrubs, notably species belonging to the genera Abelia, Lonicera, and Weigela. Valerianella locusta is cultivated for use in food.

A few, however, have become invasive weeds outside their native ranges (such as Lonicera japonica).

References

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Caprifoliaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
^ ^a ^b Mayer, V. and Ehrendorfer, F. (2013), The phylogenetic position of Pterocephalidium and the new African genus Pterothamnus within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae. Taxon, 62: 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.621010

Other sources

Flowering Plants of the World, 1987, Vernon H. Heywood, Andromeda Oxford Ltd., ISBN 90-5210-165-5
Botanica, Gordon Cheers, Random House Australia, ISBN 3-8290-1953-X

External links

[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.

[Powo-2] "Caprifoliaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

[mobot.org-3] "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2024-10-10.

[Mayer-4] Mayer, V. and Ehrendorfer, F. (2013), The phylogenetic position of Pterocephalidium and the new African genus Pterothamnus within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae. Taxon, 62: 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.621010

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