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Dubbo

(Redirected from Dubbo, Australia)
For the Anglo-Sindh battle, see Battle of Dubba. For the seat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, see Electoral district of Dubbo. For the Local Government Area of Dubbo, see City of Dubbo.

Dubbo (/ˈdʌboʊ/;[5] Wiradjuri: Dhubu)[6] is a city in the Orana Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the largest population centre in the Orana region, with a population of 43,516[1] at June 2021.

Dubbo
New South Wales
Dubbo town centre from above, 2020
Dubbo is located in New South Wales
Dubbo
Dubbo
Coordinates32°15′25″S 148°36′4″E / 32.25694°S 148.60111°E / -32.25694; 148.60111
Population43,516 (2021)[1] (37)
 • Density238.31/km2 (617.23/sq mi)
Established1849
1966 (city)[2]
Postcode(s)2830
Elevation275 m (902 ft)[3]
Area182.6 km2 (70.5 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)
Location
LGA(s)Dubbo Regional Council
RegionCentral West / Orana
CountyGordon
State electorate(s)Dubbo
Federal division(s)Parkes
Mean max temp[4] Mean min temp[4] Annual rainfall[4]
24.7 °C
76 °F		 10.3 °C
51 °F		 584.5 mm
23 in

The city is located at the intersection of the Newell, Mitchell, and Golden highways. Dubbo officially became a city in the year 1966. Dubbo is located roughly 275 m (902 ft) above sea level, 303 km (188 mi)[7] north-west of Sydney (400 km (249 mi)[8] by road) and is a major road and rail freight hub to other parts of New South Wales. It is linked by national highways north to Brisbane and Charleville, south towards Melbourne and Canberra, east to Sydney, Newcastle and Gosford and west to Broken Hill and Adelaide.

Dubbo is included in the rainfall and weather forecast region for the Central West Slopes[9] and in the Central West Slopes and Plains division of the Bureau of Meteorology forecasts.[10]

History

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Evidence of habitation by the Wiradjuri tribe, Indigenous Australians dates back over 40,000 years.[citation needed]

Explorer and surveyor John Oxley was the first European to report on the area, now known as Dubbo, in 1818.[11] The first permanent British colonists in the area were English-born Robert Dulhunty and his brother Lawrence Dulhunty.[12]

Dulhunty occupied a property, known as Dubbo Station (established in 1828),[11] from the early 1830s on a squatting basis. With the passing of the Squatting Act in 1836, he took out a licence on the property.[13]

Dulhunty showed an affinity with Indigenous Australians, his party included some 40 Aboriginals and he favoured using Aboriginal names for properties, including Dubbo. Dubbo is now thought to be a mispronunciation of the local Wiradjuri word thubbo, but because of a lack of precise records from Dulhunty at the time and an incomplete knowledge of the Wiradjuri language today, some conjecture remains over the word's meaning. Some references indicate that Dubbo was the name of an old Wiradjuri man who resided at the site when Dulhunty took the land.[14] Dubbo's name apparently meant "red soil", consistent with the local landscape.[15] Thubbo or tubbo possibly is Wiradjuri for "head covering".[16]

Dundullimal Homestead is a farmhouse from that period, built around 1840 by John Maugham on his 26,000-acre (11,000 ha) sheep station. The building is one of the oldest homesteads still standing in western NSW and today is open to visitors.[17]

In 1846, due to the number of settlers in the area, the government decided to establish a courthouse, police station, and lock-up in the Dubbo area. A constable's residence was completed in 1847 and a wooden slab-construction courthouse and lock-up was completed in early 1848. By this time, the settlement had only four buildings - the constable's residence, courthouse and lock-up, a store, and an inn.[18]

Due to the lack of title for the land, in 1848, storekeeper Jean Emile Serisier organised a petition asking for a land sale of town allotments. The plan was presented to the colony's surveyor general in May 1849 by surveyor G. Boyle White.[13] The settlement was gazetted as a village in November 1849 with the first land sales taking place in 1850.[11][19][20] Population growth was slow until the Victorian gold rush of the 1860s brought an increase in north–south trade. The first bank was opened in 1867. Steady population growth caused the town to be proclaimed a municipality in 1872, when its population was 850.[11] The railway extension of the main western railway from Wellington to Dubbo was formally opened on 1 February 1881.[21][22][23] By 1897, Dubbo had a general store, Carrier Arms, a slab courthouse, a gaol, and a police hut. The final section of the Molong to Dubbo railway opened in late May 1925.[24][25] Dubbo was officially proclaimed a city in 1966.[2][26]

On 10 June 1989, during the Queen's Birthday Long Weekend, Dubbo became the final stop of the Through West Mail, a train hauled by double-headed locomotives the Flying Scotsman and 3801, ending a journey of 289 miles. [citation needed]

Heritage listings

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The former Dubbo Post Office

Dubbo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Geography

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Plains of the Dubbo region, north of the township

The Macquarie River runs through Dubbo, as does Troy Creek. The City of Dubbo lies within a transition zone between the ranges and tablelands of the Great Dividing Range to the east and the Darling Basin plains to the west.

Climate

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Dubbo falls in the warm temperate climate zone.[36] Under Köppen climate classification, Dubbo has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)[37] that borders the semi-arid climate (BSk).[38][39] Summers are warm to hot, and winters cool to cold, bringing some occurrences of early morning frost but generally no snowfall – unlike the nearby city of Orange. The last occurrence of snow was recorded by The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate in July 1951 and 1920.[40] The town's location in this transition area allows a large temperature variation during the year, with high summer temperatures, sometimes peaking above 40 °C (104 °F) typical of the Western Plains of New South Wales, and colder subzero temperatures typical of the Central Tablelands in winter.

Dubbo's location in the transition area between the Central Tablelands and the Central Western Plains has provided a mild distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Dubbo's wettest month is January with an average rainfall of 58.7 mm (2.31 in) occurring on average over five days. Evaporation in the Dubbo area averages around 1,880 mm (74 in) per year. Dubbo is considerably sunny, receiving 148.6 days of clear skies annually, in contrast to Sydney's 104 days.[41]

Wind patterns vary over the whole year. The prevailing winds at Dubbo are from the southeast, south, southwest and west, which account for a combined 64.4% of the wind direction over the whole year.[42]

Climate data for Dubbo Airport AWS (1993–2022); 284 m AMSL; 32.22° S, 148.58° E
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.0
(113.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		39.5
(103.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.1
(100.6) 		44.3
(111.7) 		44.9
(112.8) 		46.1
(115.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.6
(92.5) 		32.0
(89.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		24.7
(76.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		10.3
(50.5)
Record low °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−6.0
(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.7
(2.31) 		45.0
(1.77) 		68.0
(2.68) 		36.4
(1.43) 		38.1
(1.50) 		49.9
(1.96) 		43.3
(1.70) 		34.3
(1.35) 		41.5
(1.63) 		45.8
(1.80) 		61.8
(2.43) 		61.7
(2.43) 		584.5
(22.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.3 4.8 5.2 3.1 4.1 5.6 5.3 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.7 4.9 58.4
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 32 36 36 37 47 57 55 47 43 36 35 30 41
Average dew point °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.6
(43.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.4
(45.3)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Dubbo Airport AWS, 1993–2022)[43]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
19215,032—    
19338,344+65.8%
19479,686+16.1%
195412,009+24.0%
196114,118+17.6%
196615,629+10.7%
197117,810+14.0%
197620,149+13.1%
198123,986+19.0%
198625,796+7.5%
199128,064+8.8%
199630,102+7.3%
200130,860+2.5%
200630,574−0.9%
201132,327+5.7%
201634,339+6.2%
202138,783+12.9%
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics data.[44][45]
 
St Brigids Catholic Church

In August 2021, the population of Dubbo was 43,516;[1] 51.6% of residents were female and 48.4% were male. The median age is 35, slightly younger than the national average of 38. People aged 0–14 constitute 21.5% of the population compared to 18.2% nationally, and 15.6% of residents are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander; the median age in this group is 22.

About 81.2% of residents report being born in Australia, notably higher than the national average of 66.9%. Other than Australia, the most common countries of birth are India (1.7%), Nepal (1.6%), England (1.0%), the Philippines (0.8%), and New Zealand (0.7%). The most common reported ancestries in Dubbo are Australian, English, Australian Aboriginal, Irish, and Scottish.

Around 72.3% of residents report both parents having been born in Australia, significantly higher than the national average of 45.9%. About 82.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Nepali (1.7%), Punjabi (0.8%), Malayalam (0.5%), Urdu (0.5%), and Mandarin (0.4%).

The top religious groups in Dubbo are Catholic (26.4%), Anglican (17.7%), and Uniting Church (3.7%); 27.2% reported no religion (lower than the 38.4% nationally) and 9.2% did not answer the question.[1]

Economy

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Macquarie Street is a civic and commercial hub and one of Dubbo's main streets

The city's largest private employer is Fletcher International Exports, which exports lamb and mutton globally.[46] Other local industries reflect the city's status as a regional base for surrounding agricultural regions.

A large employer is the Dubbo Base Hospital, with hospitals (excluding psychiatric hospitals) being the area's single largest employer.[47]

Retail

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Dubbo Square

Dubbo is also considered a major shopping centre for the surrounding regional areas in the Central and Far Western districts of New South Wales. Dubbo has many shopping districts, including the large and very recently renewed Orana Mall (East Dubbo), Macquarie and Talbragar Streets (City Centre), Centro Dubbo, Riverdale, and Tamworth Street local stores (South Dubbo). Dubbo features many boutiques and unique stores, as well as major national stores.

A new suburban shopping centre in West Dubbo contains a supermarket and 15 smaller retail shops.[48]

Tourism

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Taronga Western Plains Zoo

Tourism is also a significant local industry. Dubbo features the open-range Taronga Western Plains Zoo, which is home to various species of endangered animals, including the white, black, and Indian rhinoceroses, and runs a successful breeding program for a number of endangered species. The zoo is home to numerous specimens from around the world in spacious open-range moat enclosures, grouped according to their continent of origin. Other town attractions include the historic Dundullimal Homestead, and the historic Old Dubbo Gaol in the middle of the commercial centre of Macquarie Street. The Western Plains Cultural Centre includes four gallery exhibition spaces, two museum exhibition spaces, and a community arts centre. The Royal Flying Doctor Service base at Dubbo airport has a large visitor information centre, staffed by volunteers, which features a King Air 200 turboprop aircraft and a variety of touch-screen interactive displays illustrating aspects of RFDS operations.

Education

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The 20 schools and secondary colleges include the Dubbo School of Distance Education. It is home to one of the four main campuses of Charles Sturt University, which is located next to the Senior Campus of Dubbo College (successor to Dubbo High School, founded in 1917).[49] There are three private K-12 schools located in Dubbo which are Macquarie Anglican Grammar School, Dubbo Christian School and St Johns College.

Architecture

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Dubbo has several fine examples of Victorian civic architecture, including the (third) Courthouse (1887), the Lands Office with its use of timber and corrugated iron cladding, and the railway station (1881).[50] Towards the centre of the city, the older residential areas contain numerous examples of red brick houses built in the "California Bungalow" style architecture of the early 20th century, together with Victorian terraced houses (mostly in the Darling Street area) and a few Edwardian semidetached homes.

  •  
    Dubbo Courthouse
  •  
    Old Bank Building
  •  
    Bungalow home
  •  
    Station Master's Residence; an early Victorian residence
  •  
    Victorian Terraces

Transport

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Dubbo railway station

Dubbo railway station lies on the Main Western railway line between Sydney and Bourke and opened in 1881.[21] The station is the terminus for the daily NSW TrainLink Central West XPT service from Sydney with connecting road coach services to Broken Hill, Bourke, Cootamundra, Lightning Ridge, Nyngan and Tamworth.[51] The Mindyarra Maintenance Centre is scheduled to open 700 metres to the east of the station in the early 2020s, as the home depot for the NSW TrainLink Regional Train fleet.[52][53][54]

Dubbo Buslines operates services within the city.[55] BusBiz operates coach services under contract to NSW TrainLink and maintains a depot in the city.

Dubbo City Regional Airport has flights to Sydney (QantasLink, Regional Express), Newcastle (FlyPelican), Canberra (FlyPelican) and other small outback New South Wales towns (Airlink).

Media

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The ABC Western Plains offices in Dubbo

Local print media include:

  • The Daily Liberal
  • The Weekly Dubbo Photo News
  • The Weekly Mailbox Shopper

Three commercially licensed radio stations broadcast in the city:

  • Triple M broadcasts on FM 93.5, playing rock music.
  • 2DU – a local heritage station, it broadcasts on AM 1251.
  • Zoo FM – a rock music station, it broadcasts on FM 92.7.

ABC Radio also has a studio in the city: ABC Western Plains, local news and talk on 95.9FM.

ABC Radio broadcasts five services to the Dubbo area: ABC Local, ABC Radio National, Triple J, ABC Classic FM, and ABC NewsRadio.

The city also has narrowcast stations on 90.3 FM Racing Radio, a tourist radio station and a country music station. The city has two community stations: DCFM 88.9 Dubbo Community radio, and Rhema FM, which broadcasts Christian music.

The Dubbo area is served by five television stations. In common with all Australian TV stations, they now broadcast digital transmissions only, with the primary program in each case being designated as:

Seven (formerly branded as Prime7 and Prime Television) and WIN Television both produce half-hour-long local news bulletins. Seven News (formerly Prime7 News and Prime News) screens at 6 pm, while WIN News screens at 5:30 pm from Monday to Friday. Nine News Central West was an hour-long bulletin that mixed local and national news, broadcast on the Southern Cross Austereo primary channel, when it was a Nine affiliate.

Subscription Television services are provided by Foxtel.

Sport and recreation

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Dubbo Botanical Garden
 
Victoria Park

Sports play a big role in Dubbo's community life. Rugby league is popular in Dubbo. Two teams compete in the Group 11 Rugby League – the Dubbo CYMS and Dubbo Macquarie Raiders. The city also has an Australian rules football team, the Dubbo Demons, who were premiers in the Central West Australian Football League in 2007. Two rugby union teams are active, the Dubbo Kangaroos (Roos) and the Dubbo Rhinos, which compete in the Central West Rugby competition, the Blowes Clothing Cup.

Dubbo Junior Cricket Association conducts cricket for over 500 children aged between 5 and 16 during October to March and also conducts first-, second-, and third-grade competitions during this time.

Dubbo has a turf club, which incorporates a pony club and horse racing, and organises shows and gymkhana. Ultimate Frisbee is a new sport to the town and is rapidly growing in popularity.

The Dubbo Ultimate Frisbee Federation (DUFF) is the local Ultimate club and organises a local league and the Dubbo Meerkats Mixed rep side.[56] The Dubbo Rams compete in the men's and women's NSW State Basketball Leagues. Netball is also popular in Dubbo with competitions every weekend for all age groups during netball season at the Nita McGrath netball courts near the Macquarie River in Central Dubbo. Dubbo has a large Junior and Senior Hockey Association with representative teams for all ages, while also participating in the Premier League Hockey Competition in both the Men's (Dubbo Lions) and Women's (Dubbo Blue Jays). Soccer is very popular, particularly among children. Dubbo has its own all-age men's and women's competition and has three teams – Dubbo FC Bulls, Westside Panthers, and Orana Spurs, which compete in the Western Premier League. Dubbo also has one of the only 10-lane pools outside of Sydney in NSW, the Dubbo Aquatic and Leisure Centre. The centre hosts meets through the Western Swimming Association (and affiliated clubs Dubbo City Swimtech and Orana Aquatic) and school carnivals.

Dubbo's Caltex Park hosted the annual City vs Country Origin match in 2006, with an attendance of 11,423, and in 2014, with an attendance of more than 9,600 in rainy conditions.[57]

In 2007, Dubbo hosted the Junior World Orienteering Championships with most of the events held in the granite outcrops of the nearby Sappa Bulga Range. From this event, the orienteering club Western Plains Orienteers was born. Other sports popular in Dubbo include lawn bowls, via the huge variety of bowling clubs, and golf (on Dubbo's 27-hole golf course).

In 2022, Dubbo hosted the NSWPSSA Boys Cricket State Championships. The competition took place in Victoria Park, and Lady Cuttler Fields 1–5.

Named for a famous blacktracker, the Tracker Riley bike path is part of a 12.5-km walking and cycling loop along the Macquarie River.[58]

  •  
    WWI Memorial gates
  •  
    Avenue of jacarandas
  •  
    WWII Memorial
  •  
    Start of Tracker Riley cycle path
  •  
    Shibble Bridge, Tracker Riley cycleway

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "2021 Dubbo, Census All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  2. ^ a b "Local Government Act, 1919.—Proclamation". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 97. New South Wales, Australia. 9 September 1966. p. 3700. Retrieved 30 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ^ "DCC Annual Report" (PDF). Dubbo City Council. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007. (refer page 7)
  4. ^ a b c "Dubbo Airport AWS". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  5. ^ Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3
  6. ^ AGENDA ORDINARY COUNCIL MEETING 26 MAY 2022
  7. ^ "Great Circle Distance between DUBBO and SYDNEY". Cocky Flies. Geoscience Australia. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  8. ^ "Driving directions to Sydney NSW". Google Maps Australia driving directions. Google Maps. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  9. ^ Weather, The Land newspaper, 29 October 2009, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW.
  10. ^ "New South Wales Forecast Area Map". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d "Australian Heritage – Dubbo". Australian Heritage – Historical Towns Directory. Heritage Australia Publishing. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  12. ^ "PIONEER DAYS NEAR DUBBO". The Land. No. 1277. New South Wales, Australia. 6 December 1935. p. 14. Retrieved 17 March 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ a b Hornage, Bill (1974). Old Dubbo Gaol. Gaol Restoration Committee of the Dubbo Museum and Historical Society. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-9598436-0-4.
  14. ^ "THE OLD DAYS". Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent. New South Wales, Australia. 16 June 1930. p. 3. Retrieved 17 March 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
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  16. ^ "PLACE NAMES". The Australian Women's Weekly. National Library of Australia. 13 May 1964. p. 61. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  17. ^ "HMS - ViewItem". www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  18. ^ https://www.dubbo.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/464/Dubbo%20Urban%20Heritage%20Review%202007%20Volume%201.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y pg 67
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  27. ^ "Dubbo RAAF Stores Depot (former)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01701. Retrieved 18 May 2018.   Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  28. ^ "Talbragar Shire Council Chambers". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00219. Retrieved 18 May 2018.   Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  29. ^ "CBC Bank". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00039. Retrieved 18 May 2018.   Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
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  34. ^ "Dubbo rail bridge over Macquarie River". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01032. Retrieved 18 May 2018.   Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
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  37. ^ R.L. Specht; Philip Rundel; W.E. Westman; P.C. Catling; Jonathan Majer; Penelope Greenslade (6 December 2012). Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: A data source book. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95. ISBN 978-94-009-3099-5.
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  51. ^ "Western timetable". NSW TrainLink. 7 September 2019.
  52. ^ NSW Region train fleet on track Transport for New South Wales 14 August 2017
  53. ^ Dubbo Maintenance Facility: Review of Environmental Factors Transport for NSW 1 August 2018
  54. ^ "Regional Rail". Transport for NSW. 31 May 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  55. ^ Home Dubbo Buslines
  56. ^ "Dubbo Ultimate Frisbee Federation". Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  57. ^ AAP (13 May 2006). "Finch shines for Country". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  58. ^ "Tracker Riley cycleway". NSW Government. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  59. ^ a b "Browsing birth town: Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  60. ^ Goodall, Heather (2007). "Gibbs, Pearl Mary (Gambanyi) (1901–1983)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne: MUP.
  61. ^ Packham Hargrave, Margaret (15 February 2011). "Councillor for C Ward". LinkMe. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  62. ^ "Father John Peter Leary MSC". misacor.org.au. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  63. ^ Sarah Falson (29 December 2023). "Hooroo! Why the duchess interview was my favourite story of the year". Dubbo Liberal. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  64. ^ "Amy-Lea Mills | Deaflympics". www.deaflympics.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  65. ^ Serisier, Jean Emile (1824–1881). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
  66. ^ "Shoyoen Sister City Garden & Jurian Ceremonial Tea House Points of Interest" (PDF). Dubbo City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
  67. ^ Dubbo The City and its History by Bill Hornage
  68. ^ Dubbo City on the Plain by Marion Dormer
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