Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies including: true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, weta and Cooloola monsters. This and the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and their allies) make up the order Orthoptera. Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera, with its origins in the Carboniferous period,[2] the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period.[3] Unlike the Caelifera, the Ensifera contain numerous members that are partially carnivorous, feeding on other insects, as well as plants.
| Ensifera | |
|---|---|
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| A bush cricket or katydid | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Superfamilies and families | |
|
See text | |
Ensifer is Latin for "sword bearer", and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females.[4]
Characteristics
editCharacteristics shared by the two orthopteran suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, are the mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing, the modified prothorax, the hind legs modified for jumping, the wing shape and venation, and the sound-producing stridulatory organs.[2]
Ensiferans are distinguished from Caeliferans by their elongated, threadlike antennae, which are often longer than the length of their bodies and have over 30 segments (except in the subterranean Cooloolidae family). For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "long-horned orthopterans". In the families in which the males sing, the fore wings have modifications that include toothed veins and scrapers for making the noise, and the surrounding membranous areas amplify the sound. In these groups, the sound-detecting tympanal organs are located on the tibiae of the front legs.[5] The tarsi have three segments and the ovipositor is blade-like or needle-like. The male attaches the spermatophore externally to the female's gonopore. The spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax, the function of which is to provide a nutritional nuptial gift to the female.[5][6]
Taxonomy
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The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following superfamilies and families.[7]
- Infraorder †Elcanidea
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Family †Elcanidae (Late Triassic - Paleocene)
- Family †Permelcanidae (Early Permian - Late Triassic)
- Superfamily †Permoraphidioidea
- Family †Permoraphidiidae (Permian)
- Family †Pseudelcanidae (Early Permian)
- Family †Thueringoedischiidae (Early Permian)
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Acridiites Heer, 1865
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Infraorder Gryllidea
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Family †Baissogryllidae
- Family Gryllidae - true crickets
- Family Mogoplistidae - scaly crickets
- Family Phalangopsidae Blanchard, 1845
- Family †Protogryllidae Zeuner, 1937
- Family Trigonidiidae Saussure, 1874
- Superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Leach, 1815[8]
- Family Gryllotalpidae Leach, 1815 – mole crickets
- Family Myrmecophilidae Saussure, 1874 - ant crickets
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Infraorder †Oedischiidea
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906
- Family †Anelcanidae Carpenter, 1986
- Family †Bintoniellidae Handlirsch, 1939
- Family †Mesoedischiidae Gorochov, 1987
- Family †Oedischiidae Handlirsch, 1906
- Family †Proparagryllacrididae Riek, 1956
- Family †Pruvostitidae Zalessky, 1929
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Crinoedischia Béthoux & Beckemeyer, 2007
- Genus †Loxoedischia Beckemeyer, 2011
- Superfamily †Triassomantoidea Tillyard, 1922
- Family †Adumbratomorphidae Gorochov, 1987
- Family †Triassomantidae Tillyard, 1922
- Superfamily †Xenopteroidea Riek, 1955
- Family †Xenopteridae Riek, 1955
- Superfamily incertae sedis
- family †Permotettigoniidae Nel & Garrouste, 2016
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Permophyllum Prokop, et al, 2015
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906
- Infraorder Tettigoniidea
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Family †Eospilopteronidae Cockerell, 1916
- Family †Haglidae Handlirsch, 1906
- Family †Hagloedischiidae Gorochov, 1986
- Family †Prezottophlebiidae Martins-Neto, 2007
- Family Prophalangopsidae Kirby, 1906
- Family †Tuphellidae Gorochov, 1988
- Superfamily †Phasmomimoidea Sharov, 1968
- Family †Phasmomimidae Sharov, 1968
- Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea Walker, 1869
- Family Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave weta
- Superfamily Schizodactyloidea Blanchard, 1845
- Family Schizodactylidae Blanchard, 1845 - dune or splay-footed crickets
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister, 1838
- Family Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859 - weta (except cave weta), king crickets
- Family Cooloolidae Rentz, 1980 - Cooloola monsters
- Family Gryllacrididae Blanchard, 1845 - leaf-rolling crickets
- Family Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838 - Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily Tettigonioidea Krauss, 1902
- Family †Haglotettigoniidae Gorochov, 1988
- Family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 - bush crickets, katydids, koringkrieks
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Tettoraptor Gorochov, 2012
- Family incertae sedis
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Infraorder incertae sedis
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986
- Family †Gryllavidae Gorochov, 1986
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family †Palaeorehniidae (syn "Zeuneropterinae")[9]
- Family †Vitimiidae
Phylogeny
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The phylogenetic relationships of the Ensifera, summarized by Darryl Gwynne in 1995 from his own work and that of earlier authors,[a] are shown in the following cladogram, with the Orthoptera divided into two main groups, Ensifera and Caelifera (grasshoppers). Fossil Ensifera are found from the late Carboniferous period onwards.[5][10]
The oldest known fossil in the Archaeorthoptera, the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds in the Upper Silesian Basin of the Czech Republic.[11]
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Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang; Bu, Wen-jun (2016). "Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)". Scientific Reports. 6: 38939. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638939W. doi:10.1038/srep38939. PMC 5154178. PMID 27958352.
- ^ a b Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. pp. 232, 733–735. ISBN 978-0-08-092090-0.
- ^ Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London: British Museum Natural History.
- ^ "Orthoptera". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
- ^ a b c Gwynne, Darryl T.; DeSutter; Laure (1996). "Ensifera: Crickets, katydids and weta". TOLweb. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ Vahed; K. (1998). "The function of nuptial feeding in insects: review of empirical studies" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 73: 43–78. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00025.x. S2CID 86644963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
- ^ "Suborder Ensifera". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
- ^ Archibald, S. B.; Gu, J.-J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2022). "The Palaeorehniidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, "Zeuneropterinae"), and new taxa from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa. 5100 (4): 559–572. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5100.4.6. PMID 35391059.
- ^ a b Gwynne, Darryl T. (1995). "Phylogeny of the Ensifera (Orthoptera): a hypothesis supporting multiple origins of acoustical signalling, complex spermatophores and maternal care in crickets, katydids, and weta". Journal of Orthoptera Research. 4 (4): 203–218. doi:10.2307/3503478. JSTOR 3503478.
- ^ Prokop, Jakub; Nel, André; Hoch, Ivan (2005). "Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera)". Geobios. 38 (3): 383–387. Bibcode:2005Geobi..38..383P. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.11.006.