The ethnic groups in Yugoslavia were grouped into constitutive peoples and minorities.
Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia (1981)
First Yugoslavia
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The constituent peoples of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–29), as evident by the official name of the state (it was colloquially known as "Yugoslavia", however) were the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The 1921 population census recorded numerous ethnic groups. Based on language, the "Yugoslavs" (collectively Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Slavic Muslims) constituted 82.87 percent of the country's population.
Identity politics failed to assimilate the South Slavic peoples of Yugoslavia into a Yugoslav identity.[1] During the reign of King Aleksandar I, a modern single Yugoslav identity policy that was propagated to erase the existing ethnic identities failed to do so.[1]
Second Yugoslavia
editCommunist Yugoslav terminology used the word "nation" (nacija, narod) for the country's constitutive peoples (konstitutivne nacije), that is, for the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Muslims, Macedonians, and Montenegrins. The term "nationality" (narodnost) was used to describe the status of the Albanians and Hungarians, and other non-constitutive peoples, distinguishing them from the nations, and "national minorities" (nacionalne manjine) which they were previously described as.[2]
Following the Liberation of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia reorganized the country into federal republics (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro), five of them being eponymous states of each constitutive nation, i.e. Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians and Montenegrins, and unique multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, two autonomous provinces were created within Serbia – Vojvodina (inhabited by a Hungarian minority) and Kosovo and Metohija (inhabited by an Albanian minority), based on the significant presence of those nationalities (i.e. narodnost) in those regions. This minority criterion (a combination of historical and ethnic criteria) was only applied to Serbia (and not Italian-inhabited Istria, or Serb-inhabited parts of Croatia, for example).[3] Istrian Italians, who had been persecuted and exiled by the Communist regime for Italian involvement and irredentism during World War II in Yugoslavia, had their calls for autonomy repudiated by the Communist government; between 1947–1960 vast majority of ethnic Italians fled Yugoslavia while the remainder adopted Croatian or Slovene identities. The presence of constitutive peoples in territories other than their "nation state" (i.e. Serbs in Croatia) was rejected as a basis for potential autonomous provinces, as Communist rhetoric maintained that each constituent people had a home republic, and was therefore unable to obtain autonomy status in another republic despite significant presence. Furthermore, a constitutive nation could not be considered a minority in any of the republics.[3]
After the war, the slogan "Brotherhood and unity" designated the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the country. The policy prescribed that Yugoslavia's peoples were equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation.
The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution provided for equality of the constituent peoples and minorities.
Censuses
editFirst Yugoslavia
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Second Yugoslavia
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| Group | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serbs | 7,065,923 (41.7%) | 7,806,152 (42.7%) | 8,143,246 (39.7%) | 8,136,578 (36.3%) |
| Croats | 3,975,550 (23.5%) | 4,293,809 (23.1%) | 4,526,782 (22.1%) | 4,428,135 (19.7%) |
| Ethnic Muslims | 998,698 (5.9%) | 972,940 (5.2%) | 1,729,932 (8.4%) | 2,000,034 (8.9%) |
| Slovenes | 1,487,100 (8.8%) | 1,589,211 (8.6%) | 1,678,032 (8.2%) | 1,753,605 (7.8%) |
| Albanians | 754,245 (4.5%) | 914,733 (4.9%) | 1,309,523 (6.4%) | 1,731,253 (7.7%) |
| Macedonians | 893,427 (5.3%) | 1,045,513 (5.3%) | 1,194,784 (5.8%) | 1,341,420 (6.0%) |
| Yugoslavs | N/A | 317,124 (1.7%) | 273,077 (1.3%) | 1,216,463 (5.4%) |
| Montenegrins | 466,093 (2.7%) | 513,832 (2.8%) | 508,843 (2.5%) | 577,298 (2.6%) |
| Hungarians | 502,175 (3.0%) | 504,369 (2.7%) | 477,374 (2.3%) | 426,865 (1.9%) |
| Others[a] | ||||
Terminology
edit- narod (pl. narodi) – people, folk, ethnic group
- narodnost (pl. narodnosti) – ethnicity
- nacija (pl. nacije) – nation
- nacionalnost (pl. nacionalnosti) – nationality, citizenry
Annotations
edit- ^ Including ethnic groups lesser than 1% (1981 census), such as Romani, Turks, Slovaks, Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, Bulgarians, Ruthenians, Czechs, Italians, Rusyns, Germans, Russians, Jews, Poles, and Greeks. There were also "others" and "unspecified".
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Nielsen 2014.
- ^ Jović 2009, p. 8.
- ^ a b Trbovich 2008, p. 169.
Sources
edit- Jović, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-495-8.
- Nielsen, Christian Axboe (2014). Making Yugoslavs: Identity in King Aleksandar's Yugoslavia. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-2750-5.
- Sobolevski, Mihael (2000). H.-G. Fleck; I. Graovac (eds.). "Nacionalne manjine u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji". Dijalog povjesničara–istoričara. 2: 395–410.
- Stojković, L.; Martić, M. (1952). National minorities in Yugoslavia. Jugoslavija.
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.