Flint mining is the process of extracting flint from underground. Flint mines can be as simple as a pit on the surface or an area of quarrying, or it may refer to a series of shafts and tunnels used to extract flint.
Flint has been mined since the Palaeolithic, but was most common during the Neolithic. Flint was especially valued in prehistory for its use in weaponry. Although flint is not as valuable a resource in modern times, a few flint mines remain in operation even today (for example at Miorcani).[1]
List of flint mines
edit- Austria
- Mauer-Antonshöhe
- "Am Feuerstein" in Kleinwalsertal (Vorarlberg)
- Belgium
- The Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
- Jandrain-Jandrenouille (Orp-Jauche)
- Denmark
- Hov (near Thisted)
- Egypt
- Taramsa (near Qena)[2]
- Nazlet Khater (Upper Egypt)
- France
- Germany
- Lengfeld (near Bad Abbach).
- Abensberg-Arnhofen near Abensberg
- Asch (near Blaubeuren)
- Baiersdorf (near Essing)
- Kleinkems in Efringen-Kirchen
- Lousberg in Aachen
- Bottmersdorf
- Osterberg
- On Rügen island there are the exposed flint fields between Mukran and Prora
- Schernfeld
- Great Britain[5]
- Beer (Devon)
- Blackpatch, West Sussex
- Grimes Graves near Brandon, close to the border between Norfolk and Suffolk[6][7]
- Cissbury
- Church Hill, West Sussex
- Harrow Hill, West Sussex
- Penmaenmawr in Conwy County Borough, Wales
- Hungary
- Netherlands
- Pakistan
- Poland
- Krzemionki[9]
- Wierzbica "Zele"[10]
- Orońsko II [11][12]
- Skałecznica Duża
- Korycizna
- Sąspów
- Krunio
- Borownia
- Bębło
- Rybniki
- Romania
- Outside the village of Miorcani, there is a modern flint mine
- Piatra Tomii near the village of Răcătau
- Spain
- Casa Montero[13]
- Switzerland
- between Olten and Wangen bei Olten
- Lägern between Wettingen and Regensberg
- Löwenburg (Pleigne, Canton of Jura)
- USA
Further reading
editThe above-mentioned flint mining sites and others are mentioned in the following texts:
See also
edit- Stone Fields in the Schmale Heath and Extension - nature reserve
References
edit- ^ Mindo S.A. "Mindo S.A. Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Verri, G. (17 May 2004). "Flint mining in prehistory recorded by in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 7880–7884. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7880V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402302101. PMC 419525. PMID 15148365.
- ^ Bostyn, F. and Lanchon, Y. (eds.) (1992). Jablines. Le Haut Château (Seine-et-Marne). Une minière de silex au Néolithique. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de L’Homme: Documents d’Archéologie Française, 35.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bostyn, F.; Lanchon, Y. (1997). "The Neolithic Flint Mine at Jablines, 'Le Haut Château' (Seine-et-Marne)". In A. Ramos-Millán; M.A. Bustillo (eds.). Siliceous rocks and culture. Granada: Universidad de Granada. pp. 271–291. ISBN 9788433823908.
- ^ Barber, M., Field, D. and Topping, P. (1999). The Neolithic Flint Mines of England. Swindon: English Heritage.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Holgate, R. (1995). "Neolithic flint mining in Britain". Archaeologia Polona. 33: 133–161.
- ^ Topping, P. (1997). Structured deposition, symbolism, and the English flint mines. In R. Schild and Z. Sulgostowska (eds), Man and Flint. Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium. Warszawa-Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Warszawa. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 127–131.
- ^ "The Rohri Flint Quarries; Bibliography". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Migal, W.; Salacinski, S. (1997). Studies at Krzemionki during the last decade. In R. Schild and Z. Sulgostowska, Man and Flint. Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium. Warszawa-Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology. Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 103–108.
- ^ Lech, H.; Lech, J. (1984). "The Prehistoric Flint Mine at Wierzbica 'Zele': A Case Study from Poland". World Archaeology. 16 (2): 186–203. doi:10.1080/00438243.1984.9979927.
- ^ Osipowicz, G., Kerneder-Gubała, K., Bosiak, M., Makowiecki, D., Orłowska, J. (April 2019). "The oldest osseous mining tools in Europe? New discoveries from the chocolate flint mine in Orońsko, site 2 (southern Poland)". Quaternary International. 512: 82–98. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.02.005. ISSN 1040-6182.
- ^ Kerneder-Gubała, K., Buławka, N., Buławka, S., Szubski, M. (2017). "GIS w badaniach powierzchniowych stanowisk górniczych na przykładzie kopalni krzemienia czekoladowego w Orońsku (gm. Orońsko, pow. Szydłowiecki, woj. Mazowieckie)". Archeologia Polski. LXII: 7–37.
- ^ http://www.casamontero.org/.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Allard P.; et al. (2008). Flint mining in prehistoric Europe : interpreting the archaeological records : European Association of Archaeologists, 12th annual meeting, Cracow, Poland, 19th-24th September 2006. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407303710.
- ^ Aubry, Thierry; Mangado Llach, Javier (2006). The Côa valley (Portugal) : lithic raw material characterisation and the reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic settlement patterns. In: Notions de territoire et de mobilité : exemples de l'Europe et des premières nations en Amérique du Nord avant le contact européen : actes des sessions présentées au Xe congrès annuel de l'Association européenne des Archéologues (EAA), Lyon, 8–11 sept. pp. 41–49.
- ^ Hunt Ortiz, M.A. (1996). La explotación de los recursos minerales en Europa y la Península Ibérica durante la prehistoria. Universidad de Valladolid.
- ^ Matías Rodríguez, R. (2005). "Origen de la minería". Cimbra. 362.
- ^ Weisgerber G, Slotta R (1999). 5000 Jahre Feuersteinbergbau : die Suche nach dem Stahl der Steinzeit ; Ausstellung im Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum vom 24. Oktober 1980 bis 31. Januar 1981 (3., verb., erw. u. aktualisierte Aufl. ed.). Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. ISBN 9783921533666.