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Gillespie County, Texas

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Gillespie County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 26,725.[1] The county seat is Fredericksburg.[2] It is located in the heart of the rural Texas Hill Country in Central Texas. Gillespie is named for Robert Addison Gillespie, a soldier in the Mexican–American War. It is known as the birthplace of 36th president of the United States of America Lyndon B. Johnson.

Gillespie County
County
The Gillespie County Courthouse in Fredericksburg
The Gillespie County Courthouse in Fredericksburg
Map of Texas highlighting Gillespie County
Location within the U.S. state of Texas
Map of the United States highlighting Texas
Texas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 30°19′N 98°57′W / 30.31°N 98.95°W / 30.31; -98.95
Country United States
State Texas
Founded1848
Named forRobert Addison Gillespie
SeatFredericksburg
Largest cityFredericksburg
Area
 • Total
1,062 sq mi (2,750 km2)
 • Land1,058 sq mi (2,740 km2)
 • Water3.5 sq mi (9 km2)  0.3%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
26,725
 • Density25/sq mi (9.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district21st
Websitewww.gillespiecounty.org

On December 15, 1847, a petition was submitted to create Gillespie County. In 1848, the legislature formed Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis Counties. While the signers were overwhelmingly German immigrants, names also on the petition were Castillo, Pena, Munos, and a handful of non-German Anglo names.

Gillespie County comprises the Fredericksburg, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

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Early native inhabitants were the Tonkawa, Comanche, Kiowa, and Lipan Apache peoples.[3] In 1842, the Adelsverein organized in Germany to promote emigration to Texas.[4] The Fisher–Miller Land Grant set aside three million acres (12,000 km2) to settle 600 families and single men of German, Dutch, Swiss, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian ancestry in Texas.[5] Henry Francis Fisher sold his interest in the land grant to the Adelsverein in 1844.[3] Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels secured the title to 1,265 acres (5.12 km2) of the Veramendi grant the next year, including the Comal Springs and River, for the Adelsverein. Thousands of German immigrants were stranded at port of disembarkation, Indianola, on Matagorda Bay. With no food or shelters, living in holes dug into the ground, an estimated 50% die from disease or starvation. The living began to walk to their destinations hundreds of miles away. About 200 German colonists, who walked from Indianola, founded the town of New Braunfels at the crossing of the San Antonio-Nacodoches Road on the Guadalupe River. John O. Meusebach arrived in Galveston. The first wagon train of 120 settlers arrived from New Braunfels. Surveyor Hermann Wilke laid out the town. Meusebach named it Fredericksburg, in honor of Prince Frederick of Prussia.[3][6][7][8][9][10]

In 1847, the Meusebach–Comanche Treaty was made. About 150 settlers petitioned the Texas Legislature to establish a new county, suggested names "Pierdenales" or "Germania". The Vereins Kirche became the first public building in Fredericksburg. It served as a nondenominational church, school, town hall, and fort. Locals referred to it as “the Coffee Mill Church” for its shape. Wilhelm Victor Keidel was the county's first doctor. Mormon leader Lyman Wight founded the community of Zodiac.[11][12][13]

The Legislature formed Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis Counties in 1848. They named it after Tennessee transplant Capt. Robert Addison Gillespie,[14] a hero of the 1846 Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican–American War. Fredericksburg became the county seat.

Fort Martin Scott was established in 1848 at Barons Creek, a Pedernales tributary.[15][16] An angry mob of soldiers burned down the store-courthouse in 1850, destroying all county records. The melee apparently started when County Clerk John M. Hunter, who also owned the store, refused to sell whiskey to a soldier. Words were exchanged, and Hunter stabbed the soldier; about 50 soldiers stormed and burned the store, destroying all contents. Soldiers prevented townspeople from saving the county records.[17][18]

John O. Meusebach was elected to the Texas Senate in 1851 to represent Bexar, Comal, and Medina Counties,[9] and in 1854, received a special appointment as commissioner from Governor Elisha M. Pease to issue land certificates to those immigrants of 1845 and 1846 who had been promised them by the Adelsverein. The Texas State Convention of Germans met in San Antonio and adopted a political, social, and religious platform, including: Equal pay for equal work, direct election of the President of the United States, abolition of capital punishment, "Slavery is an evil, the abolition of which is a requirement of democratic principles", free schools – including universities – supported by the state, without religious influence, and total separation of church and state.[9][19][20]

In 1852, Bremen seaman Charles Henry Nimitz, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, built the Nimitz Hotel in Fredericksburg. In 1870, he added a steamboat-shaped façade.[21][22]

Surveyor Jacob Kuechler was commissioned as a captain by Sam Houston to enroll state militia troops in Gillespie County. Texas seceded from the Union in 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America, and Houston was dismissed from office in March by the Confederacy. Gillespie County voted 400 -17 against secession from the Union. Unionists from Kerr, Gillespie, and Kendall Counties participated in the formation of the Union League, a secret organization to support President Abraham Lincoln's policies. Kuechler signed up only German Unionists in his frontier company, and was dismissed by Governor Francis R. Lubbock.[23][24]

In 1862, 54 Gillespie County men joined the Confederate Army. Eventually, 300 enlisted with the CSA to avoid conscription. The Union League formed companies to protect the frontier against Indians and their families against local Confederate forces. Conscientious objectors to the military draft were primarily among Tejanos and Germans. Confederate authorities imposed martial law on Central Texas. The Nueces massacre occurred in Kinney County. Jacob Kuechler served as a guide for 61 conscientious objectors attempting to flee to Mexico. Scottish-born Confederate irregular James Duff and his Duff's Partisan Rangers pursued and overtook them at the Nueces River; 34 were killed, some executed after being taken prisoner. Jacob Kuechler survived the battle. The cruelty shocked the people of Gillespie County. About 2,000 took to the hills to escape Duff's reign of terror.

The Treue der Union Monument ("Loyalty to the Union") in Comfort was dedicated in 1866 to the Texans slain at the Nueces massacre. It is the only monument to the Union other than the National Cemeteries on Confederate territory. It is one of only six such sites allowed to fly the United States flag at half-mast in perpetuity.[25][26] Spring Creek Cemetery near Harper in Gillespie County has a singular grave with the names Sebird Henderson, Hiram Nelson, Gus Tegener, and Frank Scott. The inscription reads “Hanged and thrown in Spring Creek by Col. James Duff’s Confederate Regiment.” [27][28]

Kiowa raiders massacred residents of the McDonald farm in the Harper vicinity in 1864.[29] During 1865, Gillespie County suffered a war-time crime wave, as 17 individuals were convicted of murder.[30]

In 1870, Herman Lehmann and his brother Willie were captured by Apaches, but Willie escaped within days.[31][32] Herman Lehmann, escorted by soldiers, was finally returned to his family in 1878.[31]

In 1881, Gillespie County became the first county in Texas to hold a fair.[33]

From 1874 to 1875, Andreas Lindig built the county's first lime kiln.[34] The original Gillespie County Courthouse was constructed in 1882; it later became the Pioneer Memorial Library.[35]

Chester W. Nimitz, future Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet, was born in 1885 in Fredericksburg. His father, Chester B. Nimitz, died before his birth, leaving his seaman grandfather as role model.[36] John O. Meusebach died at his farm at Loyal Valley in Mason County on May 27, 1897, and was buried in the Marschall Meusebach Cemetery at Cherry Spring.[9]

In 1908, future President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson was born in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson became the Vice President of the United States in 1961 and subsequently President of the United States. His ranch at Stonewall was known as the Texas White House. Tourism became an important industry.[37] Ranch Road 1 was designated in 1963. On January 22, 1973, President Johnson died at his Stonewall ranch. He, and later Lady Bird Johnson, were laid to rest at the family cemetery on the ranch.[37]

The Gillespie County Historical Society was formed in 1934,[38] and the Pedernales Electric Cooperative was formed to provide rural electrification four years later.[39] In 1948, the county began its annual Easter Fire event to commemorate the Meusebach treaty signing.[40]

Admiral Nimitz died February 20, 1966. The next February, the Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Memorial Naval Museum opened in the old Nimitz Hotel on Main Street in Fredericksburg.[41]

The Japanese Garden of Peace, a gift from the people of Japan, was dedicated on the 130th anniversary of the founding of Fredericksburg at the Nimitz Museum on May 8, 1976.[42] In 1981, the state legislature placed the Nimitz Museum under Texas Parks and Wildlife Department as the National Museum of the Pacific War.[42]

The State of Texas opened Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities in 1984. That same year, it is also added to the National Register of Historic Places,[43]

The Texas White House officially opened to the public August 27, 2008.[37] In 2009, the George H. W. Bush Gallery opened at the Nimitz museum.[42]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,062 square miles (2,750 km2), of which 1,058 square miles (2,740 km2) is land and 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2) (0.3%) is water.[44]

Adjacent counties

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Major highways

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National protected area

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,240—
18602,736120.6%
18703,56630.3%
18805,22846.6%
18907,05635.0%
19008,22916.6%
19109,44714.8%
192010,0156.0%
193011,02010.0%
194010,670−3.2%
195010,520−1.4%
196010,048−4.5%
197010,5535.0%
198013,53228.2%
199017,20427.1%
200020,81421.0%
201024,83719.3%
202026,7257.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[45]
1850–2010[46] 2010[47] 2020[48]
Gillespie County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[49] Pop 2010[47] Pop 2020[48] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 17,232 19,472 19,884 82.79% 78.40% 74.40%
Black or African American alone (NH) 30 47 84 0.14% 0.19% 0.31%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 58 68 69 0.28% 0.27% 0.26%
Asian alone (NH) 35 88 127 0.17% 0.35% 0.48%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 4 11 1 0.02% 0.04% 0.00%
Other Race alone (NH) 9 28 100 0.04% 0.11% 0.37%
Mixed Race or Multiracial (NH) 137 154 694 0.66% 0.62% 2.60%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 3,309 4,969 5,766 15.90% 20.01% 21.58%
Total 20,814 24,837 26,725 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the census[50] of 2000, 20,814 people resided in the county, organized into 8,521 households, and 6,083 families. The population density was 20 people per square mile (7.7 people/km2). The 9,902 housing units averaged nine per square mile (3.5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.82% White, 0.33% Native American, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.18% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 5.27% from other races and 1.18% from two or more races. About 15.90% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, 40.8% were of German, 10.3% were of English, 10.0% were of Irish, 6.0% were of American, 3.1% were of Scotch-Irish, 2.5% were of Scottish,2.5% were of French. In 1990, about 3,000 speakers of Texas German were in Gillespie and Kendall Counties, but this is believed to have declined since.[51]

Of the 8,521 households, 25.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.10% were married couples living together, 7.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% were not families. About 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the county, the population was distributed as 21.60% under the age of 18, 5.50% from 18 to 24, 21.20% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 25.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,109, and for a family was $45,315. Males had a median income of $26,675 versus $20,918 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,423, and 10.20% of the population and 7.10% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 13.40% of those under the age of 18 and 9.90% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Politics

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Gillespie County is part of the 21st District in the United States House of Representatives, represented by Republican Chip Roy, the 25th district of the Texas State Senate, represented by Republican Donna Campbell, and the 19th District of the Texas House of Representatives and is represented by Republican Ellen Troxclair.

Historically, the county was a massive outlier in Texas. While Texas was overwhelmingly Democratic up until recent decades, Gillespie County has long been a Republican stronghold. This is largely due to the heavily German American heritage of the county and that Gillespie was the fountainhead of Texas’ small Unionist movement during the Civil War. Most Texas Germans acquiesced to secession, but Fredericksburg was still self-sufficient and sold surplus food to the army.[52]

Gillespie County has been won by Republicans in every election since 1896 with only four exceptions. Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party won the county in 1912 (but carried no other counties in the state). In 1924, it was one of only two Texas counties won by Progressive candidate Robert M. La Follette.[53] Gillespie County has backed a Democratic nominee only twice since the 19th century: in 1932 and 1964,[54] both of which were landslide victories for the party, and the latter being for county native Lyndon Johnson. No Democrat since Jimmy Carter in 1976[55] has received so much as 22 percent of the county's vote.[56]

Franklin D. Roosevelt won the county by almost 60 percentage points in 1932, despite the county's massive Republican lean. At his fourth and final election in 1944, he received less than one-tenth of its vote – a decline of more than 70 percentage points from his first election in the county.

United States presidential election results for Gillespie County, Texas[57]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 12,514 78.95% 3,176 20.04% 160 1.01%
2016 10,446 79.05% 2,288 17.31% 480 3.63%
2012 10,306 82.12% 2,055 16.37% 189 1.51%
2008 9,563 77.51% 2,576 20.88% 199 1.61%
2004 9,297 80.47% 2,104 18.21% 152 1.32%
2000 8,096 81.61% 1,511 15.23% 313 3.16%
1996 5,867 71.98% 1,655 20.30% 629 7.72%
1992 4,712 56.28% 1,600 19.11% 2,060 24.61%
1988 5,662 77.42% 1,588 21.71% 63 0.86%
1984 5,496 82.63% 1,137 17.10% 18 0.27%
1980 4,736 78.70% 1,170 19.44% 112 1.86%
1976 3,541 72.49% 1,260 25.79% 84 1.72%
1972 3,490 85.67% 526 12.91% 58 1.42%
1968 2,945 71.74% 725 17.66% 435 10.60%
1964 1,695 42.80% 2,264 57.17% 1 0.03%
1960 2,687 76.62% 816 23.27% 4 0.11%
1956 3,070 92.61% 240 7.24% 5 0.15%
1952 3,687 92.29% 300 7.51% 8 0.20%
1948 2,741 80.31% 593 17.37% 79 2.31%
1944 2,950 82.56% 333 9.32% 290 8.12%
1940 3,213 86.74% 487 13.15% 4 0.11%
1936 1,421 56.52% 1,016 40.41% 77 3.06%
1932 662 19.96% 2,642 79.65% 13 0.39%
1928 1,447 55.12% 1,174 44.72% 4 0.15%
1924 768 28.42% 352 13.03% 1,582 58.55%
1920 1,270 60.36% 137 6.51% 697 33.13%
1916 1,463 77.74% 405 21.52% 14 0.74%
1912 219 13.70% 307 19.20% 1,073 67.10%

Communities

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City

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Census-designated places

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Unincorporated communities

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Ghost towns

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Education

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School districts in the county include:[58]

It is within Central Texas College's attendance area.[59]

Notable people

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gillespie County, Texas.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Gillespie County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c Kohout, Martin Donnell. "Gillespie County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  4. ^ Brister, Louis E. "Adelsverein". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  5. ^ Ramos, Mary G. "The German Settlements in Central Texas". Texas Almanac. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  6. ^ "Indianola, Texas". Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  7. ^ Block, W T. "The Story of our Texas' German Pilgrims". Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  8. ^ "Near River Crossing Used by New Braunfels' First Settlers – New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas". William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d Smith, Cornelia Marshall; Tetzlaff, Otto W. "Meusebach, John O". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  10. ^ Kohout, Martin Donnell. "Fredericksburg, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  11. ^ "Comanche Indian Treaty". William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  12. ^ "Signers of Petition to Create Gillespie County December 15, 1847". Texas Gen Web. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  13. ^ Kohout, Martin Donnell. "Vereins-Kirche". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  14. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 137.
  15. ^ Spurlin, Charles D. "Gillespie, Robert Addison". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  16. ^ Brooks Jr, Paul R M. "Fort Martin Scott". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  17. ^ "Angry soldiers burn Fredericksburg store, destroying early Gillespie County records". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  18. ^ Beverly, Travis Wooster. "Gillespie County Records Destroyed". Texas Gen Web. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  19. ^ Biesele, R L (April 1930). "The Texas State Convention of Germans in 1854". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. XXXIII (24).
  20. ^ "Nimitz, Charles and Sophia". Der Stadt Friedhof. Gillespie County Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  21. ^ Kohout, Martin Donnell. "Nimitz, Charles Henry". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  22. ^ "Nimitz Hotel". William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  23. ^ Moneyhon, Charles H. "The Union League". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  24. ^ McGuire, James Patrick. "Kkuechler, Jacob". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  25. ^ "Treue der Union Monument". Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  26. ^ "List of Dead-Treue Der Union Monument". Texas Gen Web. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  27. ^ Shook, Robert W. "Duff, James". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  28. ^ "Spring Creek Cemetery". Texas Gen Web. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  29. ^ "Site of the McDonald Massacre". William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  30. ^ "Fugutives from Justice". Texas Gen Web. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  31. ^ a b Lehmann, Herman; Hunter, J Marvin; Giese, Dale F (1993). Nine Years Among the Indians, 1870–1879: The Story of the Captivity and Life of a Texan Among the Indians. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1417-8.
  32. ^ Hudspeth, Brewster. "The Savage Life Of Herman Lehmann". Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved April 30, 2010. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
  33. ^ "Gillespie County Fair". Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  34. ^ "Site of The Andreas Lindig Lime Kiln". William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  35. ^ "Gillespie County Courthouse". Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved April 30, 2010. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
  36. ^ Potter, Elmer Belmont (2008). Nimitz. Naval Institute Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-59114-580-6.
  37. ^ a b c "President Lyndon B. Johnson's Biography". LBJ Library. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  38. ^ "Gillespie County Historical Society". Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  39. ^ Wentsch, George. "Pedernales Electric Cooperative". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  40. ^ "History of the Easter Fires". Texas Less Traveled. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  41. ^ "Pacific War Museum". Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  42. ^ a b c Kohout, Martin Donell. "Nimitz Museum". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  43. ^ Kohout, Martin Donell. "Enchanted Rock State Natural Area". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  44. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  45. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decade". US Census Bureau.
  46. ^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  47. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Gillespie County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  48. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Gillespie County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  49. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Gillespie County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  50. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  51. ^ The Death of Texas German in Gillespie County
  52. ^ Bünger, Walter L.; ‘Secession and the Texas German Community: Editor Lindheimer vs. Editor Flake’; The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Apr. 1979), pp. 379-402
  53. ^ Presidential election of 1896 (and subsequent years)
  54. ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  55. ^ 1976 Presidential General Election Data Graphs – Texas by County
  56. ^ The New York Times electoral map (Zoom in on Texas)
  57. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  58. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Gillespie County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. - List
  59. ^ "Sec. 130.171. CENTRAL TEXAS COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA".
  60. ^ "Fisher Miller Colony Transfers". Texas General Land Office. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.

Further reading

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30°19′N 98°57′W / 30.31°N 98.95°W / 30.31; -98.95

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