Robert Passantino (11 August 1951 – 17 November 2003), was an American author and journalist who wrote on subjects related to Christian apologetics, philosophy, and the Christian countercult movement.[1][2]
Robert Passantino | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | August 11, 1951 |
| Died | November 17, 2003 (aged 52) |
| Resting place | Westminster Memorial, Westminster, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Subjects | Christian apologetics, philosophy, Christian countercult movement |
| Spouse | Gretchen Passantino |
Career
editPassantino lived and worked for most of his adult life in Costa Mesa, California, and received instruction in Christian teaching and practiced as a professing member of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. He emerged as an apologist for faith in Evangelical Christianity during the 1970s. He and his soon-to-be wife, Gretchen, had already begun to collaborate in a ministry of Christian evangelism toward adherents of the Jehovah's Witnesses when they became acquainted with the Baptist pastor and countercult writer Walter Martin.[3] Martin was the founder of the apologetics ministry Christian Research Institute.[4] In 1974 Martin relocated the Institute from New Jersey to Southern California where he re-established his ministry in association with the Melodyland School of Theology.[5] Martin officiated as the minister at the marriage ceremony of the Passantinos.[6]
The Passantinos assisted Martin in the ministry of the Christian Research Institute for approximately five years from 1974 to 1979.[7][8] In that context Martin privately taught them the rudiments of the discipline of apologetics and of investigative reporting in countercult ministry. During the 1970s and 1980s Gretchen served as an editorial assistant in preparing revised editions of some of Martin's books such as The Rise of the Cults,[9] The Kingdom of the Cults[10] and The Maze of Mormonism.[11] As a couple, the Passantinos began to develop their profile as speakers in evangelical churches delivering presentations about cults and general apologetics questions concerning the existence of God and the historicity of the Bible. Together they then branched out from working at Christian Research Institute and began to operate their own apologetics and countercult ministry known as Christian Apologetics: Research and Information Service (CARIS).[12] This ministry subsequently was renamed as Answers In Action.
They founded Answers In Action with the intent to help both Christians and non-Christians apply logic and reason to religious inquiry and to assist in answering questions about apologetics, religion, philosophy, evangelism, and theology. Robert's approach to religion was to "represent their belief system as accurately as you would have them represent yours."[13]
Some of their initial writing appeared as researched chapters in Martin's book The New Cults.[14] Their first co-written book Answers to the Cultist at Your Door was designed as a popular apologetics handbook for Christians.[15] The book consisted of brief chapters about the phenomenon of cults followed by specific chapters containing evangelical apologetic responses to the doctrines taught by the Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Unification Church, Hare Krishna, and the Way International.
Passantino contributed an essay on Jehovah's Witnesses in Ronald Enroth's book Evangelising the Cults.[16] This essay centered a basic Evangelical apologetic argument that challenged the stance taken by Jehovah's Witnesses on three doctrines: the Trinity, Christ, and Salvation. He also contributed a lengthy essay that explored the theory, techniques, and application of religious research to the Evangelical Ministries to New Religions' symposium volume Contend for the Faith that was published in 1992.[17]
During the 1990s the Passantinos emerged as critical evangelical voices on a number of questions connected to Protestant understandings about the subject of Satanism and the occult. One of their early exposés, first published in Cornerstone magazine, concerned Lauren Stratford's fraudulent claims of Satanic ritual abuse.[18] They were highly skeptical about claims concerning Satanic ritual abuse and they argued that the basis of these claims could be explained as a combination of folklore and moral panic.[19] In both published essays and books they called into question what they regarded as misconceptions commonly held by Christians about the beliefs and practices of Satanist groups.[20] This included their alarm at how Satanists were often accused in Christian literature or in popular media as being perpetrators of organized crime.[21]
Passantino's commitment to a libertarian concept of free agency led to critical evaluations of theological, philosophical, and socio-psychological forms of determinism. Against a wide current of Christian and non-Christian opinion, the Passantinos published a controversial article in Cornerstone magazine in 1994, titled "Overcoming The Bondage Of Victimization: A Critical Evaluation of Cult Mind Control Theories",[22] in which they criticized the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of "brainwashing" and "exit counseling" models. The article was reprinted in a later edition of Martin's The Kingdom of the Cults, but has since been removed due to allegations that it did not represent Martin's own views.[23]
The Passantinos were highly influential on other apologists as evidenced by the acknowledgements made by other apologists who refer to them concerning their input and research. This was particularly so because it was new and no one had really addressed the subject prior to the 1970s.[24][25][26]
Death and legacy
editRobert Passantino died on November 17, 2003, age 52, due to cardiac arrest. He is buried at Westminster Memorial in Westminster, California. His wife, Gretchen, died from cardiac dysrhythmia as a result of undiagnosed diabetes on October 2, 2014, age 61, at Hoag Hospital Newport Beach.[27]
In October 2007, Norman Geisler and Chad Meister published a festschrift in honor of the Passantinos, entitled Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith.
Bibliography
editBooks
edit- Robert Passantino, Gretchen Passantino, Answers to the Cultist at Your Door, Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House, 1981. ISBN 0-89081-275-6
- Bob Passantino & Gretchen Passantino, Witch Hunt, Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1990. ISBN 0-8407-3129-9
- Bob Passantino & Gretchen Passantino, When the Devil Dares Your Kids: Protecting Your Children from Satanism, Witchcraft, and the Occult Ann Arbor: Servant Publications/Guildford, Surrey: Eagle, 1991. ISBN 0-86347-065-3
- Bob Passantino & Gretchen Passantino, L'ombra di Satana : come difendere i figli dall'occultismo e dalle pratiche demoniache, Messaggero, Padua, IT, 1994. OCLC 954809879 (in Italian)
- Bob Passantino & Gretchen Passantino, Satanism Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995. ISBN 0-310-70451-0
Further reading
edit- Norman L. Geisler and Chad V. Meister, editors, Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith. Essays in honor of Bob Passantino and Gretchen Passantino Coburn, Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2007. ISBN 1-58134-787-1
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Robert Passantino 1951-2003", Christianity Today, February 2004, p.17
- ^ "Robert Passantino, 52; Author, Co-Founder of Evangelical Center". Los Angeles Times. 2003-11-21. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
- ^ Tim Stafford, "The Kingdom of the Cult Watchers," Christianity Today, October 7, 1991, p. 21.
- ^ Walter R. Martin, "Christian Research Institute," The Christian Librarian, Volume 14, number 1, October 1970, p. 16.
- ^ Richard Quebedeaux, The Worldly Evangelicals, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978, p. 66.
- ^ Stafford, "Kingdom of Cult Watchers", p. 21.
- ^ Charles R. Biggs,"Walter Martin: Patron Saint of Evangelical Apologists" [1]
- ^ Walter Martin, "Foreword" in Robert Passantino and Gretchen Passantino, Answers to the Cultist at Your Door, Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 1981, p. 3.
- ^ Walter R. Martin, "Acknowledgements" The Rise of the Cults, Rev. Ed., Santa Ana: Vision House, 1977, p. 5
- ^ Walter R. Martin, The Kingdom of the Cults, Rev. Ed., Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1985, p. 7.
- ^ Walter R. Martin, The Maze of Mormonism, Rev. Ed., Santa Ana: Vision House, 1978, p. 7.
- ^ "Credits" in Walter R. Martin, The New Cults, Santa Ana: Vision House, 1980, p 410.
- ^ The Apologetics Study Bible: Understand Why You Believe, Nashville: Holman Bible Publishers, 2007, p. 1655.
- ^ See chapter one "The Deception of the New Cults" and "The Local Church of Witness Lee" in Martin, The New Cults, pp. 11-35 and 379-408.
- ^ Robert Passantino and Gretchen Passantino and Raymond Schafer, Answers to the Cultist at Your Door, Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House, 1981.
- ^ Ronald Enroth ed. Evangelising the Cults, Milton Keynes: Word Publishing, 1991, pp.121-138.
- ^ "Religious Research: theory, techniques and Application" in Contend for the Faith, Eric Pement ed. Chicago: Evangelical Ministries to new Religions, 1992, pp. 26-69.
- ^ Bob & Gretchen Passantino and Jon Trott, "Satan's Sideshow: The True Lauren Stratford Story", Cornerstone, 1990 Vol. 18, Issue 90
- ^ Robert & Gretchen Passantino, "Satanic Ritual Abuse in Popular Christian Literature: Why Christians Fall For a Lie Searching for the Truth," Journal of Psychology and Theology, Volume 20, number 3, Fall 1992, pp. 299-305.
- ^ Passantino and Gretchen Passantino, Satanism, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995, pp. 45-61.
- ^ When the Devil Dares Your Kids: Protecting Your Children from Satanism, Witchcraft, and the Occult, Ann Arbor: Servant Publications/Guildford, Surrey: Eagle, 1991, pp.131-160.
- ^ Bob and Gretchen Passantino (1994). "Overcoming The Bondage Of Victimization A Critical Evaluation of Cult Mind Control Theories". Answers.org. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
- ^ Hanegraaff, Hank (1997-01-13). "Christian Research Institute (CRI) and Hank Hanegraaff : Apologetics research resources". www.apologeticsindex.org. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
- ^ Lee Strobel, "Acknowledgements" in The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1998, p. 4.
- ^ Lee Strobel, The Case for Faith: A Journalist Investigates the Toughest Objections to Christianity, Zondervan, 2000, p. 299.
- ^ Bill Hybels and Mark Mittelberg, "Acknowledgements" in Becoming a Contagious Christian, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1996.
- ^ Kumar, Anugrah (2014-10-04). "Highly Influential Evangelical Apologist Gretchen Passantino Coburn Dies at Age 62". The Christian Post. Retrieved 2022-10-24.