Hostilian (Latin: Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus; died 251) was briefly Roman emperor in 251. Hostilian was born to Decius and Herennia Etruscilla at an unknown date and elevated to caesar in 250 by Decius. After Decius and Herennius Etruscus, Hostilian's brother, were killed at the Battle of Abritus, an ambush by the Goths, Trebonianus Gallus was proclaimed emperor by the legions. Almost immediately, he elevated Hostilian to co-emperor and his own son, Volusianus, to caesar. Hostilian died soon after, either due to plague or being murdered by Trebonianus Gallus.
| Hostilian | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Sestertius of Hostilian as emperor | |||||||||
| Roman emperor | |||||||||
| Reign | c. June – July 251 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Decius and Herennius Etruscus | ||||||||
| Successor | Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus | ||||||||
| Co-emperor | Trebonianus Gallus | ||||||||
| Died | c. July 251 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Decius | ||||||||
| Mother | Herennia Etruscilla | ||||||||
History
edit.png)
Hostilian was born at an unknown date, to Decius, a Roman general who later became Emperor, and his wife Herennia Etruscilla. He had a brother, Herennius Etruscus, and one sister. His full name based on coinage and inscriptions was Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus, but to this the historian Aurelius Victor adds Perpenna or Perperna, a name of Etruscan origin.[1]
In September 249 the army of Decius declared him emperor, in opposition to Philip the Arab. He defeated and killed Philip in a battle near Verona, after which the Roman Senate confirmed Decius's appointment and honoured him with the name Traianus, a reference to Emperor Trajan.[2][3][4]
In or around September 250,[5][6] Decius appointed both his sons caesars[7] and in May 251 Herennius Etruscus was elevated to the rank of augustus, which made Decius and Etruscus co-emperors, with Hostilian as the heir of either or both of them.[2][7][8] In June 251, Decius and Herennius Etruscus were killed by the Goths at the Battle of Abritus, and Trebonianus Gallus was declared emperor. To placate the public after this abrupt change of rulers, Gallus elevated Hostilian to augustus.[9][2][10] After a short period as co-emperor, Hostilian died in circumstances which are still disputed.[10] His death is sometimes dated to November,[2] but contemporary sources indicate that he died in or before August, probably in July.[5][6] Aurelius Victor and the author of the Epitome de Caesaribus say that Hostilian died of a plague. Zosimus claims that he was killed by Trebonianus Gallus.[11] Gallus's son Volusianus became the new co-emperor.[2]
Some historians identify Hostilian as the Roman general depicted in the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus, but this is unlikely given that all of his coins depict him as a beardless young boy.[12] It's possible that both Hostilian and Herennius Etruscus were still children or teenagers at the time of their death.[12]
Numismatics
editThe aurei of Hostilian fall into four types bearing the bust of Hostilian on the obverse, with the reverse showing: Mars walking to the right; priestly implements; Mercury standing; and Roma seated, holding Victoria.[13]
References
edit
Primary sources
edit- De Caesaribus (30.2) by Aurelius Victor.[14]
- Epitome de Caesaribus (30.2) by Anonymous.[14]
- Historia Nova (1.25.1) by Zosimus.[11]
Citations
edit- ^ Benson 2004, p. 243.
- ^ a b c d e Adkins & Adkins 1998, p. 28.
- ^ Chrystal 2015, p. 193.
- ^ Varner 2004, p. 207.
- ^ a b Peachin 1990, pp. 33–34.
- ^ a b Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 198.
- ^ a b Salisbury & Mattingly 1924, p. 15.
- ^ Bunson 2014, p. 265.
- ^ Bunson 2014, pp. 255–256.
- ^ a b Salisbury & Mattingly 1924, p. 16.
- ^ a b Manders 2012, p. 18.
- ^ a b Wood 1987, p. 126.
- ^ Friedberg, Friedberg & Friedberg 2017, p. 48.
- ^ a b Haas 1983, p. 134.
Bibliography
edit- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195123326.
- Benson, Edward White (2004). Cyprian: His Life, His Times, His Work (illustrated, new ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781592449569.
- Bunson, Matthew (2014). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Facts On File. ISBN 9781438110271.
- Chrystal, Paul (2015). Roman Women: The Women who influenced the History of Rome. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1781552872.
- Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S.; Friedberg, Robert (2017). Gold Coins of the World - 9th edition: From Ancient Times to the Present. An Illustrated Standard Catlaog with Valuations. Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 9780871840097.
- Kienast, Dietmar; Werner Eck & Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: WBG. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8.
- Haas, Christopher J. (1983). "Imperial Religious Policy and Valerian's Persecution of the Church, A.D. 257-260". Church History. 52 (2): 133–144. doi:10.2307/3166947. JSTOR 3166947. S2CID 159885531.
- Manders, Erika (2012). Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193 - 284. Brill. ISBN 9789004189706.
- Peachin, Michael (1990). Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284. Amsterdam: Gieben. ISBN 90-5063-034-0.
- Salisbury, F. S.; Mattingly, H. (1924). "The Reign of Trajan Decius". The Journal of Roman Studies. 14: 1–23. doi:10.2307/296323. JSTOR 296323. S2CID 163083500.
- Varner, Eric R. (2004). Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture. Brill. ISBN 978-9004135772.
- Wood, Susan (1987). "Child-Emperors and Heirs to Power in Third-Century Portraiture". Ancient Portraits in the J. Paul Getty Museum: Volume 1. Getty. ISBN 9780892360710.