Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile
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Isabella of Portugal (Isabel in Portuguese and Spanish) (1428 – 15 August 1496) was Queen of Castile and León as the second wife of King John II. She was the mother of Queen Isabella I of Castile.
| Isabella of Portugal | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Queen consort of Castile and León | |
| Tenure | 17 August 1447 – 22 July 1454 |
| Born | 1428 |
| Died | 15 August 1496 (aged 67–68) Arévalo |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Aviz |
| Father | John, Constable of Portugal |
| Mother | Isabel of Barcelos |
Early life
editIsabella was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385. Her parents were John, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of John I of Portugal, and his half-niece and wife, Isabella of Barcelos, the daughter of the Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of the king. In 1442, when Isabella was 14 years old, her father died.
Little is known about Isabella's life before her marriage, but it is likely that she received an education at the Portuguese court befitting of a young noblewoman at the time.
Marriage
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Isabella was betrothed to the much older King John II of Castile as his second wife in 1446 at Evora. His first wife, Mary of Aragon, had given him four children, though only one, the future Henry IV of Castile, had survived. Henry had been joined to Blanche II of Navarre in an unconsummated marriage for seven years and was called "El Impotente." Because of this, John decided to seek another wife, preferably with a French princess. However, his trusted adviser and friend Alvaro de Luna decided a Portuguese alliance was better politically, and negotiated a match with the much younger Isabella.[1]
The couple were second cousins once removed through the king's mother Catherine of Lancaster, who was half-sister of Philippa of Lancaster, Elizabeth's paternal grandmother. Because of their consanguinity a dispensation for the marriage had to be asked from the pope Eugene IV. This was granted on November 5, 1445. The two were wed on 22 July 1447[2] in Madrigal de la Altas Torres when John was 42 and Isabella, 19.[3][4]
Life as queen
editIsabella's dowry consisted of 45,000 gold florins and a further 60,000 to be paid after the death of her mother. This sum would revert to Isabella in the event of the death of John II and also enable her to return to Portugal if she so wished.[5] The new queen was also granted the fiefs of Soria, Arevalo, Madrigal de Altas Torres.[5]
She was described by the contemporary poet and courtier Inigo Lopez de Mendoza as being "genteel of face and person".
Isabella had brought an entourage of Portuguese and she would at the Castilian court have Castilians as members of her retinue. Her majordomo was Gutierre Velázquez de Cuéllar and two of his daughters also became her ladies. In Isabella's entourage was also her confessor Alonso de Palenzuela.
One of the ladies-in-waiting who accompanied Isabella to the Castilian court was Beatrice of Silva. She had been brought up in the castle of Isabella's father and was a close companion of the young queen up until 1453/1454.
But their friendship began to suffer, and Beatrice, who was known as a great beauty, began to arouse the jealousy of Isabella, who had her imprisoned in a tiny cell (or a small closet) for some time until Beatrice managed to escape.[2] This is however a spurious story with no strong evidence to back it up.[5]
When after three years of marriage, Isabella had not yet fallen pregnant she decided in 1450 to take a pilgrimage to Toro and the shrine to Saint Maria de la Vega to pray for a child.[6]
The same year she became pregnant.
Conflict with de Luna
editDe Luna had dominated the king since he was young and doubtless expected this to continue after the marriage. De Luna tried to control the young queen as well, even going as far as to attempt to limit the couplings between the amorous king and his bride. Isabella took exception to de Luna's influence over her husband and attempted to persuade her husband to remove this favourite.
Rumors that de Luna had attempted to poison Isabella, and that he had also poisoned and murdered her predecessor, Mary of Aragon, still persist to this day. Isabella, being aware of this, set herself to the task of persuading the king to agree to rid himself of de Luna.
She had little success until after the 1451 birth of her daughter and namesake who would become Isabella I of Castile. The queen's confinement in the palace at Madrigal des Altas Torres was long and difficult.
In 1453, de Luna had nobleman Alfonso Pérez de Vivero thrown out of a window, as the nobleman had sided against the constable. Isabella used this as leverage, and convinced the king to have him arrested and tried. King John did as his wife asked, and de Luna was executed.[3]
The death of his favourite saddened the king, and his health began to decline rapidly. John was on his deathbed in mid 1454, expiring at last on 20 July 1454. Henry IV, newly divorced from Blanche, became king. Henry would go on to marry Isabella's cousin, Joan of Portugal.
Queen dowager
editAfter Henry ascended the throne, he sent his stepmother, who was three years younger than himself, and his two half-siblings to the Castle of Arévalo. The dowager queen and her two children lived austerely with Isabella's mother, who had travelled to Arevalo to assist her alongside Inés Alvarnáez, the mother of Clara Alvarnáez[7] Also living at the palace in Arevalo were Portuguese ladies in waiting.[8] There is no evidence that the widowed queen ever considered remarrying.
While at Arévalo, Isabella sank deeper into the melancholy that had begun after the birth of her elder child.[3] She was permitted to keep her children until 1461, the year in which Henry's second queen, Joan of Portugal, became pregnant with Joanna, Princess of Asturias, supposedly by her alleged lover, Beltrán de La Cueva.
Isabella’s mother died in 1466.
Relationship with daughter
editAlfonso had died under suspicious circumstances in 1468. In 1469, Isabella told her half-brother (Henry IV) that she was going to visit her mother in Arévalo, but in fact travelled to Valladolid to marry Ferdinand of Aragon, the heir of John II of Aragon. When Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella bypassed the claims of her niece, who had never been considered legitimate, to become Queen of Castile. During her travels around Spain, she would visit her mother every year or so, always waiting personally on her to show her respect. The Dowager queen continued to live in retirement until she died in 1496 "worn out and enfeebled by age".[9]
Interment
edit
After her death, she was interred next to her husband in the crypt under the royal sepulcher, with Alfonso whose tomb is placed to the side in the Miraflores Charterhouse. Her daughter Isabella raised ornately carved tombs in their memory.
In 2006, on the occasion of the restoration of the Charterhouse, an anthropological study of the physical remains of John II, Isabella, and their son, Alfonso of Castile was carried out by researchers from the University of León.[10] The skeleton of King John II was almost complete, but only fragments of Queen Isabella's bones remained.[10]
Issue
editHer children were:
- Isabella I of Castile. Married Ferdinand II of Aragon,[3] she became Queen of Castile and united Aragon with Castile.
- Alfonso, Prince of Asturias who rebelled against his half-brother, Henry IV of Castile He died of a sudden fever, perhaps for natural causes (plague) or perhaps for poisoning.
References
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- ^ Downey, Kirstin (2014). Isabella: The Warrior Queen. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 3–7. ISBN 9780385534123.
- ^ a b Gálvez, Francisco de Paula Cañas (26 July 2023). Regir la Casa, administrar el Reino: Oficiales y servidores de Isabel y Juana de Portugal, Reinas de Castilla (1447-1496) (in Spanish). ESIC. ISBN 978-84-1170-431-1.
- ^ a b c d Brown, Kendall. "Isabel of Portugal (1428–1496)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ Tremlett, Giles (9 February 2017). Isabella of Castile: Europe's First Great Queen. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-5396-2.
- ^ a b c Silleras-Fernandez, Nuria (15 February 2024). The Politics of Emotion: Love, Grief, and Madness in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-7387-7.
- ^ Licence, Amy (15 October 2016). Catherine of Aragon: An Intimate Life of Henry VIII's True Wife. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-5671-7.
- ^ Phillips, Jr., William D. (2024). "Isabel of Castile and the Opening of the Atlantic" (PDF). mla.hcommons.org/.
- ^ Weissberger, Barbara F. (2008). Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona. Tamesis Books. p. 21. ISBN 9781855661592.
- ^ Downey, Kirstin (2014). Isabella: The Warrior Queen. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 444. ISBN 9780385534123.
- ^ a b Caro Dobón, Luis; Fernández Suárez, María Edén (2008). "The real burials of the Miraflores Charterhouse" (PDF). Science Fieldwork: Dissemination Magazine (in Spanish) (2). University of León: Publications Service: 23–37. ISSN 1988-3021.