Wikipedia

Isdud

Isdud (Arabic: إسدود, romanized: ʾisdūd) was a Palestinian village, on the site today known as Tel Ashdod. In the 1940s the village had thousands of Arab and Jewish inhabitants, but was largely depopulated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. By 1992, only ruins remained.

Isdud / Esdud
اسدود
Former village
Isdud, pre-1914
Isdud, pre-1914
Isdud / Esdud is located in Mandatory Palestine
Isdud / Esdud
Isdud / Esdud
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°45′13″N 34°39′42″E / 31.75361°N 34.66167°E / 31.75361; 34.66167
Palestine grid118/129
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulation28 October 1948[1]
Area
[citation needed]
 • Total
7,391 dunams (7.391 km2 or 2.854 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
4,910
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Secondary causeFear of being caught up in the fighting
Current LocalitiesSde Uzziyyahu, Shetulim, Bene Darom, and Gan ha-Darom

Isdud may or may not form part of a continuity with the town of "Azdud", described up until the 10th century as a postal stop between al-Ramla and Gaza,[2] and equally as a continuation of the ancient city of Ashdod. The village is documented as being well established from at least the time of Mamluk-rule in Palestine in the mid-15th century. During the Ottoman period, the village consisted of 75 households. By 1922, Isdud had a population of 2,566 inhabitants, 2,555 Muslims and 11 Christians; and by 1945, a population of 4,620 Arabs and 290 Jews. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Palestinian Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled. By 1992, only ruins were described as remaining.

Today, the village's ruins form part of the Tel Ashdod archaeological site,[3] which lies within the jurisdiction of the Be'er Tuvia Regional Council.[4][5] The central village mosque stands at the top of the site, as does the khan and the tomb of Sheikh Abu Qubal.[6]

Names

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Main article: Ashdod (ancient city) § Names

The name "Isdud" is a variant on the name of ancient Ashdod, which is first attested in the form of 11th century BCE Egyptian lists, where is it transcribed as "ísdd", which scholars have determined is derived from the Late Bronze Age Canaanite "'aṯdādu".[7]

In the Islamic period, the geographer Ibn Khordadbeh referred to the city as "Azdud", echoing the pre-Hellenistic name.[2] By the 16th century, it had lost its initial vowel to become just "Sdud",[8] before regaining it by the 19th century as "Esdud"[9] – a form of the settlement's name that changed little through to the 20th century "Isdud".[10]

History

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Ancient and classical period

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Main article: Ashdod (ancient city)

The ancient city of Ashdod rose to prominence in the 12th century BCE, when the Philistines ruled the city as Asdadu and the city was a member of their pentapolis, a group of five key cities.[11] alongside Ascalon, Gaza, Ekron and Gath.

Asdûdu later led the revolt of Philistines, Judeans, Edomites, and Moabites against Assyria,[12] before one of Sargon II's generals destroyed the city and exiled its residents, including some Israelites who were subsequently settled in Media and Elam.[13][14] In 605 BCE, Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar conquered it,[15] and in 539 BCE it was rebuilt by the Persians, before being conquered in 332 BCE by Alexander the Great.

During the Hellenistic period, the city was known as Αzotus (Greek: Άζωτος) and prospered until the Maccabean Revolt, during which Judas Maccabeus took the city and "laid it waste".[16][non-primary source needed] It was then ruled by Alexander Jannaeus of the Hasmoneans,[16][non-primary source needed] before being made independent again by the Roman general Pompey.[16][non-primary source needed] In 55 BCE, the Roman general Gabinius also helped to rebuild Azotus.[16][17]

During the Byzantine period, Azotus was overshadowed by Azotus Paralios, a nearby port and the inland city's maritime counterpart. The 6th-century Madaba Map shows both under their respective names.[18]

Medieval period

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The geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820 – 912) referred to the inland city as "Azdud" and described it as a postal station between al-Ramla and Gaza.[2]

12-century Crusader church endowments and land deeds mention settlement in Azotum/Azdūd. During the Mamluk period, Isdud was a key village along the Cairo—Damascus road, which served as a center for rural religious and economic life.[19]

Ottoman period

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In the Ottoman period, the location of the village of Isdud on the ancient "Via Maris" route preserved the village's importance. In the first Ottoman tax register of 1526/7, the village had a population of 40 Muslim households and four bachelors, and it belonged to the nahiya of Gaza (Gaza Sanjak).[20] By 1596 CE, the population of Ashdod (named Sdud) reached 75 households, about 413 persons, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, sesame and fruit crops, as well as goats and beehives; a total of 14,000 Akçe.[21][8]

Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal 'Asqalān, and the southern coastal plain in general. The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Thus, Isdud absorbed the lands of Kharijat Isdud, an unidentified subsidiary settlement near Isdud mentioned in the Ottoman tax registers.[22]

In 1838, Esdud was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.[9][23]

 
Ruins of medieval Isdud, in 1900

In the late nineteenth century, Isdud was described as a village spread across the eastern slope of a low hill, covered with gardens. A ruined khan stood southwest of the village. Its houses were one-storey high with walls and enclosures built of adobe brick. There were two main sources of water: a pond and a masonry well. Both were surrounded by groves of date-palm and fig-trees.[24]

 
Isdud, c. 1914–1918

British Mandate

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Isdud 1930 1:20,000
 
Isdud 1945 1:250,000

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Isdud had a population of 2,566 inhabitants; 2,555 Muslims and 11 Christians,[10] where the Christians were all Catholics.[25]

The population increased in the 1931 census to 3,240; 3,238 Muslims and 2 Christians, in a total of 764 houses.[26]

During the Mandatory period, Isdud had two elementary schools; one for boys which was opened in 1922, and one for girls which started in 1942. By the mid-1940s the boy-school had 371 students, while the girl-school had 74.[27]

The official Village Statistics, 1945 for "Isdûd" gave a population of 4,620 Arabs and 290 Jews in a total land area of 47,871 dunams [4,787.1 hectares (11,829 acres)].[28][29] Of this, 3,277 dunams were used citrus and bananas, 8,327 for plantations and irrigable land, 23,762 for cereals,[30] while 131 dunams were built-on land.[31]

In addition to agriculture, residents practiced animal husbandry which formed was an important source of income for the town. In 1943, they owned 480 heads of cattle, 117 sheep over a year old, 50 goats over a year old, 169 camels, 18 horses, 21 mules, 328 donkeys, 5790 fowls, and 3079 pigeons.[32]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

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The area around Isdud and Majdal had been allocated to the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

The village of Isdud was occupied by the Egyptian army on May 29, 1948, and became the Egyptians' northernmost position during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. While the Israelis failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards.[33] Egyptian and Israeli forces clashed in the surrounding area, with the Egyptians being unable to hold the Ad Halom bridge over the Lachish River. Israeli forces surrounded the town during Operation Pleshet, and shelled and bombed it from the air.[34] For three nights from 18 October the Israeli Air Force bombed Isdud and several other locations.[35] Fearing encirclement, Egyptian forces retreated on October 28, 1948, and the majority of the residents fled.[36] The 300 townspeople who remained were driven southwards by the Israel Defense Forces.[37][38] The village was part of territory that was granted to Israel in the 1949 Armistice Agreements following the end of the war.

Israel

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In 1950, two moshavim, Sde Uziyahu and Shtulim, were established to the east of Isdud, on village land. Bnei Darom (in 1949) and Gan HaDarom (in 1953) were established north of Isdud, on village land.[39] The city of Ashdod was founded in 1956 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) north of Isdud.

In 1992, Isdud was reported as destroyed, with only a few ruined buildings including the village mosque remaining.[40]

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  •  
    Detailed village map, 1946
  •  
    Ruins of the Isdud mosque
  •  
    Aerial view of Isdud, 1932
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    Courtyard of house in Isdud, about 1945
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    Isdud 1948
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    Isdud in 1948
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    Isdud (Esdud) in 1870, at the bottom of the map, compared against the location of modern Ashdod

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Morris, 2004, village #281 p xvii, Also gives the cause for depopulation
  2. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 110
  3. ^ "Tel Ashdod, Esdûd (S); Isdud, Sdud (M)". antiquities.org.il. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  4. ^ Jacobs, D.; Eber, S.; Silvani, F.; Rough Guides (Firm) (1998). Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide. Music rough guide. Rough Guides. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-85828-248-0. Retrieved 2022-12-22. Four kilometres out of town and just west of Route 4, Tel Ashdod was the centre of the village of Isdud - ancient Ashdod - and site of the Philistine port. Get off the bus if you like old mounds, derelict Palestinian homes...
  5. ^ Karṭa (Firm) (1983). Carta's Official Guide to Israel: And Complete Gazetteer to All Sites in the Holy Land. State of Israel, Ministry of Defence Publishing House. p. 81. ISBN 978-965-220-047-1. Retrieved 2022-12-22. Tel Ashdod... Ancient tel, 7 km S. of modern Ashdod within abandoned Arab village of Isdud ...
  6. ^ Ashdod Shichor Guide, "Around Ashdod: Tel Ashdod", p.170-171, "The archaeological site, which dominated the ancient sea route (Via Maris), rises to a height of about ten meters above sea level. Among other things, it includes the remains of the Arab village of Isdud and the remains of the entrance to the Philistine city, through which the Holy Ark was brought in. Some of the village buildings still show signs of bullet holes from the fierce battles that took place here during the War of Independence. At the top of the site stand the remains of the mosque that was located in the middle of the village, and was named after Salman Al Farsi, who was, according to legend, the personal barber of the Prophet Muhammad. To the west of the mosque there is a khan that was built during the Ottoman period and used as a resting place for pilgrims passing through. Next to the khan stands one of the only structures that was left mostly intact - the tomb of Sheikh Abu Al-Kabel."
  7. ^ Cross Jr., F. M.; Freedman, D. N. (1964). "The Name of Ashdod". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 175 (1): 48–50. doi:10.2307/1355824. JSTOR 1355824. S2CID 163848559.
  8. ^ a b A. Petersen (2005). The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule AD 600–1600. BAR International Series 1381. p. 133.
  9. ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 118 Archived 2015-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8 Archived 2015-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ B.Frenkel (1990). The Philistines (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 119. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  12. ^ J. Kaplan (1990). Yamani stronghold in Ashdod-Yam (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 125. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  13. ^ Cogan, Mordechai (1993). "Judah under Assyrian Hegemony: A Reexamination of Imperialism and Religion". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 403–414. doi:10.2307/3267741. JSTOR 3267741.
  14. ^ Price, Massoume (2001). "A brief history of Iranian Jews". Iran Chamber Society. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
  15. ^ O. Kolani; B. Raanan; M. Brosh; S. Pipano (1990). Events calendar in Israel and Ashdod (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 79. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  16. ^ a b c d Josephus Flavius. "The Antiquities of the Jews". Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  17. ^ Raphael Patai (1999). The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9780691009681. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Madaba Map, numbers 96 (Azotus) and 97 (Azotus-on-the-Sea) with discussions". Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
  19. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  20. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  21. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 110
  22. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  23. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 368 Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 409 Archived 2016-10-28 at the Wayback Machine. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, pp. 110-111
  25. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIII, p. 44 Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 4 Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p.111.
  28. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31 No. 33 Archived 2016-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 45 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 87 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 137 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2024-10-10). "Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948)". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 11 (1): 93. doi:10.1558/jia.26586. ISSN 2051-9729.
  33. ^ New York Times[permanent dead link‍] June 8, 1948
  34. ^ Yehudah Ṿalakh ... (2003). Battle Sites in the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Israel: Carta. p. 24. ISBN 965-220-494-3.
  35. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 112
  36. ^ "Zochrot - Isdud". Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  37. ^ "From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare". International Middle East media Center. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  38. ^ Morris (2004), p. 471.
  39. ^ Khalidi, 1992, pp. 112-13
  40. ^ Khalidi (1992), p113.

Bibliography

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