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Japanese-Language Proficiency Test

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The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (日本語能力試験, Nihongo Nōryoku Shiken), or JLPT, is a standardized criterion-referenced test to evaluate and certify Japanese language proficiency for non-native speakers, covering language knowledge, reading ability, and listening ability.[1] The test is held twice a year in Japan and selected countries (on the first Sunday of July and December), and once a year in other regions (either on the first Sunday of December or July depending on region).[2] The JLPT is conducted by the Japan Foundation for tests overseas (with cooperation of local host institutions), and Japan Educational Exchanges and Services for tests in Japan.[3]

Japanese-Language Proficiency Test
AcronymJLPT
TypeLanguage proficiency test
Year started1984
LanguagesJapanese
Websitewww.jlpt.jp

The JLPT consists of five independent levels of certification, with 5 the lowest and 1 the highest.[4] Until 2009, the test had four levels of certification.[5] JLPT certificates do not expire or become invalid over time.[6]

History

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The JLPT was first held in 1984 in response to the growing demand for standardized Japanese language certification.[7] Initially, 7,000 people took the test.[8] Until 2003, the JLPT was one of the requirements for foreigners entering Japanese universities. Since 2003, the Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students (EJU) is used by most universities for this purpose;[9] unlike the JLPT, which is solely a multiple-choice exam, the EJU contains sections which require the examinee to write in Japanese.

Uses and equivalencies

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JLPT and CEFR
JLPT Level CEFR
N1 B2–C1
N2 B1–B2
N3 B1
N4 A2
N5 A1–A2

JLPT certification can be used for many official purposes in Japan. For example, JLPT N1 or N2 certification can help foreign nationals receive preferential immigration treatment in some circumstances.[10] Similarly, those who have passed either N1 or N2 (regardless of citizenship) are exempt from the Japanese language section of the middle school equivalency examination, which is required to enter a Japanese high school if the applicant did not graduate from a Japanese middle school,[11] and N1 certification is sometimes accepted as an alternative to the Examination for Japanese University Admission for foreign students who wish to study at Japanese universities.

JLPT certification can also be required as a component of licensing in Japan. N1 certification is a prerequisite for foreign medical professionals who wish to take examinations to be licensed in Japan, and for certain foreign nationals who wish to attend nursing school in Japan.[12] Further, under Japan's Economic partnership agreement with Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, a JLPT certificate is required for Indonesian, Filipino, and Vietnamese nurse or caregiver candidates who visit Japan.

Although the Japan Foundation does not provide an official table of comparison between the JLPT and other language proficiency exams, Japanese language textbooks[13] and language courses at the university level tend to use the table on the right to compare JLPT results to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) scale.[14][15] Beginning in July 2025, JLPT score reports will include an official indication of corresponding CEFR levels.[16]

Administration

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In Japan, the JLPT is administered by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology through the Japan Educational Exchanges and Services (JEES).[18] Overseas, the Japan Foundation co-proctors test administration with local cultural exchange and/or educational institutions, or with committees specially established for this purpose.[19][20]

Test format

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The revised test pattern was implemented in 2010. The test consists of five levels, with N1 the highest level and N5 the lowest. According to the exam, N1 represents "the ability to understand Japanese used in a variety of circumstances", N2 represents "the ability to understand Japanese used in everyday situations, and in a variety of circumstances to a certain degree", N3 represents "the ability to understand Japanese used in everyday situations to a certain degree", N4 represents "the ability to understand basic Japanese", and N5 represents "the ability to understand some basic Japanese".[21] No Test Content Specification is published as it is discouraged to study from kanji and vocabulary lists.[22]

Scoring

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Passing is based on scaled scores calculated using item-response theory so that equivalent performance on tests from different years and different levels of difficulty yields the same scaled score. Raw scores are not directly used to determine conditions for passing, nor are they reported, except in rough form in the "Reference Information" of the score report, which tells test takers whether their raw scores were 67% or above, between 34% and 66%, or below 34%.[22] This reference information is given for vocabulary, grammar, and reading on the N4 and N5, and for vocabulary and grammar (but not reading) on the N1, N2, and N3.

Since 2010, passing the test requires both achieving an overall pass mark for the total points, and passing each section individually. The overall pass mark depends on the level, and varies between 100/180 (55.55%) for the N1 and 80/180 (44.44%) for the N5. Meanwhile, scores of at least 31.67% are required for each section in order to ensure that test takers cannot pass by doing very well on one section and very poorly on another.

Pass marks for individual sections[23][24]
Level Overall pass mark Language Knowledge
(Vocabulary/Grammar)		 Reading Listening
N1 100 points 19 points 19 points 19 points
N2 90 points 19 points 19 points 19 points
N3 95 points 19 points 19 points 19 points
Total possible 180 points 60 points 60 points 60 points
N4 90 points 38 points 19 points
N5 80 points 38 points 19 points
Total possible 180 points 120 points 60 points

Test sections

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Level Test section[25]
(test time) 		Total duration
N1 Language Knowledge (Vocabulary/Grammar)・Reading
(110 min) 		Listening
(55 min) 		165 min
N2 Language Knowledge (Vocabulary/Grammar)・Reading
(105 min) 		Listening
(50 min) 		155 min
N3 Language Knowledge (Vocabulary)
(30 min) 		Language Knowledge (Grammar)・Reading
(70 min) 		Listening
(40 min) 		140 min
N4 Language Knowledge (Vocabulary)
(25 min) 		Language Knowledge (Grammar)・Reading
(55 min) 		Listening
(35 min) 		115 min
N5 Language Knowledge (Vocabulary)
(20 min) 		Language Knowledge (Grammar)・Reading
(40 min) 		Listening
(30 min) 		90 min
  • Note: "Vocabulary" includes kanji and vocabulary (previous 文字・語彙)

Estimated study time

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Self-reported study hour comparison data for students residing in Japan, published by the Japanese Language Education Center:

JLPT Study Hour Comparison Data 2010-2015[26]
Level Students with kanji knowledge　

(e.g. speakers of Chinese)

Other students

(no prior kanji knowledge)

N1 1700–2600 hours 3000–4800 hours
N2 1150–1800 hours 1600–2800 hours
N3 700–1100 hours 950–1700 hours
N4 400–700 hours 575–1000 hours
N5 250–450 hours 325–600 hours

Applications and results

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The application period is usually around early March until late April for July's examination and around early August until late September for December's exam.

Results for the December test are announced the following February for examinees in Japan, and March for overseas candidates. Test results are sent to the examinees through the testing organization or center to which they applied.[27] From 2012, with online registration, results are available online before they are mailed out (late August for the July test). All examinees receive a report indicating their scores by section. Those who pass also receive a Certificate of Proficiency.

As of 2004, when there were 302,198 total test takers, the JLPT was offered annually in 40 countries including Japan.[28] Since 2009, two exams have been held each year in East Asia, and the yearly number of test takers had risen to 1,168,535 by 2019.[29] As of 2021, the regions with the most test takers were Japan, Taiwan, China, South Korea, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.[30]

Year Level JLPT in Japan JLPT overseas
Applicants Examinees Certified (%) Applicants Examinees Certified (%)
2007[31] 1 kyū 47,761 42,923 14,338 (33.4%) 135,616 110,937 28,550 (25.7%)
2 kyū 34,782 31,805 11,884 (37.4%) 186,226 152,198 40,975 (26.9%)
3 kyū 16,808 15,710 8,664 (55.1%) 143,252 113,526 53,806 (47.4%)
4 kyū 3,908 3,383 2,332 (68.9%) 64,127 53,476 27,767 (51.9%)
2008[32] 1 kyū 52,992 46,953 18,454 (39.3%) 138,131 116,271 38,988 (33.5%)
2 kyū 41,924 38,040 16,289 (42.8%) 187,482 157,142 58,124 (37.0%)
3 kyū 22,016 20,351 13,304 (65.4%) 147,435 120,569 69,605 (57.7%)
4 kyū 4,524 3,903 2,765 (70.8%) 65,877 55,828 31,227 (55.9%)
2009-1[33] 1 kyū 29,274 26,578 11,738 (44.2%) 103,349 87,104 28,230 (32.4%)
2 kyū 26,437 24,793 9,279 (37.4%) 130,753 110,266 27,543 (25.0%)
2009-2[34] 1 kyū 46,648 41,998 12,293 (29.3%) 137,708 114,725 26,427 (23.0%)
2 kyū 36,528 33,807 12,462 (36.9%) 176,628 147,328 41,488 (28.2%)
3 kyū 17,703 16,675 9,360 (56.1%) 131,733 108,867 51,903 (47.7%)
4 kyū 3,212 2,932 2,155 (73.5%) 61,995 53,041 29,529 (55.7%)
2010-1[35] N1 26,225 23,694 9,651 (40.7%) 73,863 62,938 19,402 (30.8%)
N2 24,738 23,126 13,768 (59.5%) 87,889 74,874 32,530 (43.4%)
N3 6,947 6,280 3,051 (48.6%) 42,227 32,100 12,574 (39.2%)
2010-2[36] N1 40,041 36,810 12,774 (34.7%) 100,689 87,763 25,781 (29.4%)
N2 27,947 26,020 11,679 (44.9%) 106,402 91,996 30,460 (33.1%)
N3 8,363 7,665 3,501 (44.9%) 56,236 45,906 18,883 (41.1%)
N4 7,764 7,317 3,716 (50.8%) 48,613 41,484 19,235 (46.4%)
N5 2,065 1,870 1,458 (78.0%) 43,676 38,128 22,846 (59.9%)
2011-1[37] N1 24,716 22,782 6,546 (28.7%) 89,744 76,991 20,519 (26.7%)
N2 19,203 17,957 9,057 (50.4%) 92,015 79,716 30,216 (37.9%)
N3 5,642 5,211 2,511 (48.2%) 36,841 29,507 13,230 (44.8%)
N4 3,643 3,358 1,431 (42.6%) 19,010 15,453 5,802 (37.5%)
N5 716 649 464 (71.5%) 12,346 10,510 6,108 (58.1%)
2011-2[38] N1 36,426 33,460 11,849 (35.4%) 100,873 88,450 26,715 (30.2%)
N2 22,875 21,296 8,695 (40.8%) 94,538 82,944 28,679 (34.6%)
N3 8,149 7,580 3,073 (40.5%) 49,917 41,655 16,576 (39.8%)
N4 7,008 6,596 3,083 (46.7%) 38,888 33,402 14,722 (44.1%)
N5 1,603 1,481 1,045 (70.6%) 33,245 29,159 16,986 (58.3%)
2012-1[39] N1 26,051 24,142 11,074 (45.9%) 78,904 69,082 23,789 (34.4%)
N2 20,041 18,843 9,683 (51.4%) 78,553 69,418 29,191 (42.1%)
N3 7,317 6,878 3,232 (47.0%) 38,650 31,942 14,391 (45.1%)
N4 5,437 5,116 2,388 (46.7%) 22,431 18,590 8,489 (45.7%)
N5 1,004 925 679 (73.4%) 16,361 13,911 8,129 (58.4%)
2012-2[40] N1 32,917 30,296 7,998 (26.4%) 86,004 75,250 17,411 (23.1%)
N2 21,139 19,612 7,919 (40.4%) 79,513 69,790 25,617 (36.7%)
N3 10,085 9,422 2,668 (28.3%) 47,301 39,763 12,722 (32.0%)
N4 6,961 6,562 2,371 (36.1%) 36,799 31,620 11,783 (37.3%)
N5 1,416 1,307 945 (72.3%) 34,178 29,700 16,225 (54.6%)
2013-1[41] N1 27,099 25,117 8,503 (33.9%) 74,674 65,225 20,139 (30.9%)
N2 20,956 19,712 9,117 (46.3%) 73,729 64,885 29,725 (45.8%)
N3 9,988 9,337 3,623 (38.8%) 39,870 32,895 13,063 (39.7%)
N4 5,637 5,297 2,485 (46.9%) 23,746 19,941 9,823 (49.3%)
N5 1,000 905 696 (76.9%) 18,720 16,016 9,957 (62.2%)
2013-2[42] N1 31,691 28,929 10,031 (34.7%) 81,794 71,490 25,524 (35.7%)
N2 22,859 21,211 8,410 (39.6%) 73,935 64,989 28,148 (43.3%)
N3 12,436 11,501 3,911 (34.0%) 48,875 41,129 17,901 (43.5%)
N4 6,963 6,430 2,871 (44.7%) 38,078 32,752 14,290 (43.6%)
N5 1,519 1,392 983 (70.6%) 37,313 31,922 18,248 (57.2%)
2014-1[43] N1 26,277 24,395 9,513 (39.0%) 73,782 64,409 21,108 (32.8%)
N2 22,226 20,855 9,359 (44.9%) 73,829 64,699 29,313 (45.3%)
N3 14,842 13,749 4,362 (31.7%) 42,746 35,251 15,535 (44.1%)
N4 6,643 6,208 3,028 (48.8%) 27,271 22,944 10,657 (46.4%)
N5 1,318 1,175 885 (75.3%) 23,154 19,658 10,726 (54.6%)
2014-2[44] N1 30,061 27,309 8,663 (31.7%) 76,516 66,610 20,260 (30.4%)
N2 27,725 25,548 8,785 (34.4%) 73,274 63,494 25,361 (39.9%)
N3 18,415 16,767 4,796 (28.6%) 51,365 42,642 17,189 (40.3%)
N4 8,123 7,516 2,482 (33.0%) 40,292 34,265 13,142 (38.4%)
N5 1,862 1,696 1,119 (66.0%) 42,172 35,492 17,002 (47.9%)
2015-1[45] N1 27,218 24,971 8,958 (35.9%) 70,453 60,642 20,625 (34.0%)
N2 28,788 26,788 10,819 (40.4%) 74,931 64,764 28,538 (44.1%)
N3 22,389 20,867 6,398 (30.7%) 46,799 38,489 16,081 (41.8%)
N4 9,874 9,332 3,556 (38.1%) 32,597 27,241 9,383 (34.4%)
N5 1,796 1,634 1,190 (72.8%) 29,201 24,569 12,940 (52.7%)
2015-2[46] N1 32,200 29,305 8,911 (30.4%) 74,059 64,355 17,768 (27.6%)
N2 36,147 33,374 10,922 (32.7%) 76,202 65,804 26,408 (40.1%)
N3 27,047 24,683 6,839 (27.7%) 55,103 45,589 19,739 (43.3%)
N4 11,874 10,969 3,325 (30.3%) 45,623 38,566 14,794 (38.4%)
N5 2,408 2,146 1,398 (65.1%) 45,543 38,431 19,203 (50.0%)
2016-1[47] N1 30,218 27,810 10,340 (37.2%) 69,147 59,790 19,396 (32.4%)
N2 39,136 36,525 14,037 (38.4%) 79,208 68,642 32,324 (47.1%)
N3 36,559 34,368 11,447 (33.3%) 50,857 41,816 19,531 (46.7%)
N4 13,435 12,547 4,272 (34.0%) 36,637 30,498 11,960 (39.2%)
N5 2,191 1,977 1,282 (64.8%) 32,286 27,106 13,671 (50.4%)
2016-2[48] N1 37,492 34,065 10,152 (29.8%) 74,584 64,866 20,041 (30.9%)
N2 49,620 45,687 12,962 (28.4%) 86,649 74,949 29,862 (39.8%)
N3 39,881 36,536 11,966 (32.8%) 63,187 52,404 23,389 (44.6%)
N4 15,219 13,937 4,076 (29.2%) 52,626 44,393 15,444 (34.8%)
N5 2,989 2,686 1,577 (58.7%) 54,373 45,200 21,515 (47.6%)
2017-1[49] N1 34,982 31,677 11,100 (35.0%) 74,034 63,021 20,861 (33.1%)
N2 50,787 47,316 18,145 (38.3%) 94,523 80,933 38,216 (47.2%)
N3 47,820 44,847 13,296 (29.6%) 62,494 50,635 22,560 (44.6%)
N4 15,887 14,809 5,084 (34.3%) 43,995 36,193 14,135 (39.1%)
N5 2,791 2,527 1,629 (64.5%) 39,094 32,148 17,180 (53.4%)
2017-2[50] N1 44,029 39,616 12,278 (31.0%) 80,973 69,322 22,010 (31.8%)
N2 62,404 57,374 16,425 (28.6%) 101,151 86,145 34,593 (40.2%)
N3 52,901 48,471 14,907 (30.8%) 74,761 60,855 26,432 (43.4%)
N4 18,190 16,759 4,680 (27.9%) 61,986 51,643 18,504 (35.8%)
N5 3,679 3,280 2,033 (62.0%) 60,630 49,809 23,972 (48.1%)
2018-1[51] N1 40,718 36,791 12,488 (33.9%) 80,896 68,235 22,494 (33.0%)
N2 58,763 54,619 17,994 (32.9%) 105,171 89,320 37,326 (41.8%)
N3 61,878 58,126 17,547 (30.2%) 71,951 58,417 26,691 (45.7%)
N4 18,218 16,737 5,126 (30.6%) 51,353 42,468 14,412 (33.9%)
N5 3,251 2,903 1,836 (63.2%) 51,990 42,463 20,768 (48.9%)
2018-2[52] N1 48,422 43,589 12,015 (27.6%) 83,808 71,416 21,509 (30.1%)
N2 71,816 66,200 19,661 (29.7%) 110,457 94,099 37,523 (39.9%)
N3 67,610 62,627 16,690 (26.6%) 79,761 64,907 28,027 (43.2%)
N4 21,114 19,481 6,418 (32.9%) 68,296 57,009 20,345 (35.7%)
N5 4,290 3,857 2,254 (58.4%) 68,237 55,810 24,913 (44.6%)
2019-1[53] N1 48,079 42,997 12,660 (29.4%) 87,919 73,863 21,575 (29.2%)
N2 69,844 64,503 21,885 (33.9%) 118,683 99,931 37,275 (37.3%)
N3 72,951 68,231 24,513 (35.9%) 84,794 68,019 29,153 (42.9%)
N4 25,060 23,115 7,452 (32.2%) 69,925 56,616 18,613 (32.9%)
N5 4,566 4,085 2,520 (61.7%) 62,283 49,088 22,797 (46.4%)
2019-2[54] N1 58,799 52,147 14,359 (27.5%) 89,689 75,681 24,953 (33.0%)
N2 84,278 77,410 21,852 (28.2%) 118,327 100,630 41,958 (41.7%)
N3 79,876 73,354 20,322 (27.7%) 86,307 70,540 28,033 (39.7%)
N4 31,452 28,826 8,262 (28.7%) 89,443 74,677 23,055 (30.9%)
N5 4,974 4,417 2,379 (53.9%) 74,918 60,405 24,784 (41.0%)
2020-2[55][note 1] N1 44,697 38,537 16,110 (41.8%) 46,704 41,700 20,160 (48.3%)
N2 68,161 61,458 31,126 (50.6%) 59,956 52,618 32,685 (62.1%)
N3 66,700 60,324 30,440 (50.5%) 45,592 37,884 22,709 (59.9%)
N4 28,410 25,184 10,682 (42.4%) 34,192 27,809 12,427 (44.7%)
N5 3,565 2,997 1,982 (66.1%) 26,170 21,517 11,749 (54.6%)
2021-1[57] N1 52,017 44,851 13,401 (29.9%) 58,688 50,324 24,115 (47.9%)
N2 66,567 59,476 20,584 (34.6%) 60,047 51,095 27,597 (54.0%)
N3 61,220 56,230 24,655 (43.8%) 27,481 20,953 12,463 (59.5%)
N4 32,975 30,060 14,522 (48.3%) 13,975 11,014 6,030 (54.7%)
N5 3,432 3,009 1,990 (66.1%) 10,969 8,903 6,052 (68.0%)
2021-2[58] N1 53,899 45,445 12,120 (26.7%) 53,893 44,091 18,806 (42.7%)
N2 66,272 58,559 17,078 (29.2%) 53,365 42,839 25,001 (58.4%)
N3 53,398 48,770 16,806 (34.5%) 44,420 33,513 20,413 (60.9%)
N4 23,353 20,849 7,472 (35.8%) 35,803 27,662 13,601 (49.2%)
N5 2,397 2,004 1,351 (67.4%) 33,410 25,260 15,638 (61.9%)
2022-1[59] N1 46,964 41,076 9,964 (24.3%) 59,348 49,223 17,282 (35.1%)
N2 53,872 48,551 12,828 (26.4%) 67,023 54,542 25,677 (47.1%)
N3 37,595 33,946 14,274 (42.0%) 52,735 41,264 21,058 (51.0%)
N4 17,542 15,424 5,934 (38.5%) 50,508 40,120 19,389 (48.3%)
N5 2,520 2,156 1,367 (63.4%) 38,118 30,203 16,132 (53.4%)
2022-2[60] N1 54,444 46,725 12,110 (25.9%) 41,535 33,793 12,672 (37.5%)
N2 63,342 56,334 14,880 (26.4%) 49,951 40,785 17,251 (42.3%)
N3 48,744 44,177 15,296 (34.6%) 57,737 46,560 22,408 (48.1%)
N4 41,647 38,661 13,850 (35.8%) 81,176 68,878 29,948 (43.5%)
N5 4,749 4,253 2,684 (63.1%) 62,968 51,283 23,583 (46.0%)
  1. ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only the December test session was offered in 2020. The July test session was cancelled. [56]

Previous format (1984–2009)

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Until 2009, the test had four levels.[5] JLPT certificates do not expire,[6] so results from the previous format remain valid.

All instructions on the test were written in Japanese, although their difficulty is adjusted to remain appropriate to each test level.[61] The subject matter covered at each level of the examination was based upon the Test Content Specification (出題基準, Shutsudai kijun), first published in 1994 and revised in 2004. This specification served as a reference for examiners to compile test questions, rather than as a study guide for candidates. It consisted of kanji lists, expression lists, vocabulary lists, and grammar lists for all four JLPT levels. However, about 20% of the kanji, vocabulary, and grammar in any one exam may have been drawn from outside the prescribed lists at the discretion of exam compilers.[62]

Test content summary[63]
Level Kanji Vocabulary Listening Time of Study (est.) Pass Mark
4 ~100 (103) ~800 (728) Basic 150 hrs (A basic course level) 60%
3 ~300 (284) ~1,500 (1409) Intermediate 300 hrs (An intermediate course level)
2 ~1000 (1023) ~6,000 (5035) Intermediate 600 hrs (An intermediate course level)
1 ~2000 (1926) ~10,000 (8009) Advanced 900 hrs (An advanced course level) 70%

Numbers in parentheses indicate the exact number in the Test Content Specification.[62]

The independent source the Japanese Language Education Center publishes the following study hour comparison data:

JLPT Study Hour Comparison Data 1992-2010[64]
Level Students with kanji knowledge　

(e.g. speakers of Chinese)

Other students

(no prior kanji knowledge)

4 200~300 hours 250~400 hours
3 375~475 hours 500~750 hours
2 1100~1500 hours 1400~2000 hours
1 1800~2300 hours 3100~4500 hours

Test sections

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In its previous format, the JLPT was divided into three sections: "Characters and Vocabulary" (100 points), "Listening Comprehension" (100 points), and "Reading Comprehension and Grammar" (200 points).

The first section (文字･語彙, moji, goi) tests knowledge of vocabulary and various aspects of the Japanese writing system. This includes identifying the correct kanji characters for given situations, selecting the correct hiragana readings for given kanji, choosing the appropriate terms for given sentences, and choosing the appropriate usage of given words.

The second section (聴解, chōkai) comprises two sub-sections that test listening comprehension. The first involves choosing the picture which best represents the situation presented by a prerecorded conversation. The second is of a similar format but presents no visual clues.

Section three (読解･文法, dokkai, bunpō) uses authentic or semi-authentic reading passages of various lengths to test reading comprehension. Questions include prompts to fill in blank parts of the text and requests to paraphrase key points. Grammar questions request that examinees select the correct grammar structure to convey a given point or test conjugations and postpositional particle agreement.

Exam duration
Level Kanji and
vocabulary 		Listening
comprehension 		Reading
comprehension
and grammar 		Total duration
4 25 min 25 min 50 min 100 min
3 35 min 35 min 70 min 140 min
2 35 min 40 min 70 min 145 min
1 45 min 45 min 90 min 180 min

Comparison with new format

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Two changes in levels of tests were made from the previous four-level format: firstly, a new level was inserted between the old level 3 and level 2, and secondly, the content of the top level exam (old level 1) was changed to test slightly more advanced skills, though the passing level was not changed,[65] possibly through equating of test scores. Vocabulary in particular is said to be taken from an increased pool of 18,000 words.

The addition of the new N3 was done to address the problem of the difficulty gap between levels 3 and 2: in the past, there had been requests for revisions to address the fact that examinees who had passed the Level 3 test often had trouble with passing the Level 2 test because of the large gap in the level of skill needed to pass those two levels. There was also a desire to measure abilities more advanced than those targeted by the current Level 1 test, hence the top-level exam was modified.[66]

The correspondence is as follows:

  • N1: slightly more advanced than the original level 1,[67] but the same passing level
  • N2: the same as the original level 2
  • N3: in between the original level 2 and level 3
  • N4: the same as the original level 3
  • N5: the same as the original level 4

The revised test continues to test the same content categories as the original, but the first and third sections of the test have been combined into a single section.[23] Sections on oral and writing skills were not introduced.[8] Further, a requirement to pass individual sections was added, rather than only achieving an overall score.

It has been argued that changes to the exam were connected to the introduction of new language policies instituted by the Ministry of Education regarding the education of minorities in Japan.[68]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Objectives and History". Japan Foundation. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  2. ^ a b "List of Overseas Test Sites, JLPT page". Japan Foundation. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  3. ^ "FAQ |JLPT Japanese-Language Proficiency Test". jlpt.jp. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  4. ^ "N1-N5: Summary of Linguistic Competence Required for Each Level". Japan Foundation. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Comparison of with Old Tests - JLPT Japanese-Language Proficiency Test". Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  6. ^ a b "FAQ -JLPT Japanese-Language Proficiency Test". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
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