History of the Jews in New York

As of 2020, the Jewish population in New York State was 1,598,000, accounting for 21% of all Jews in the United States.^[3] In New York City alone, there are approximately 960,000 Jews, establishing it as the largest Jewish community in the world, surpassing the combined totals of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.^[4]

Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.^[2]^[1] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.^[5] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox (both Haredi and Modern Orthodox) and Conservative Judaism.^[6] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. Congregation Emanu-El of New York in Manhattan is the largest Reform synagogue in the world.

Jews have settled in New York State since the 17th century. In August 1654, the first known Jewish settler, Jacob Barsimson, came to New Amsterdam. The Dutch colonial port city was the seat of the government for the New Netherland territory and became New York City in 1664. The first significant group of Jewish settlers came in September 1654 as refugees from Recife, Brazil to New Amsterdam. Portugal had just conquered Brazil from the Dutch Republic, and the Spanish and Portuguese Jews there promptly fled to New Amsterdam, the precursor to present-day New York City. A group of 23 Jewish immigrants in New Amsterdam was greeted by director general Peter Stuyvesant who was at first unwilling to accept them.

The Jewish population in New York City went from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.6 million in 1920. By 1910, more than 1 million Jews made up 25 percent of New York's population^[7] and made it the world's largest Jewish city. As of 2023, about 960,000 residents of New York City, or about 10% of its residents, were Jewish.^[8] As of 2011, New York state had about 1.75 million Jews, constituting approximately 11 percent of the state's total population.^[9] Due in large part to the rise in the Hasidic Jewish population, New York City's Jewish population is once again increasing rapidly. Long Island and the Hudson Valley represent the two largest suburban concentrations of Jews in New York.

Early Jewish immigration

Jacob Barsimson

Jacob Barsimson was the first Jewish immigrant to arrive in New Amsterdam on August 22, 1654^[10] on the Dutch West India Company ship, the Peartree (de Pereboom).^[10] He received the appropriate permissions and met no opposition by then Governor Peter Stuyvesant or his council upon arrival.^[10] He along with Asser Levy fought to allow the first wave of 23 Jewish immigrants to stay in New Amsterdam.

First wave

The first significant group of Jews to arrive in New York after Jacob Barsimson was a group of 23 Jewish immigrants in September 1654 fleeing from the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Following the mass expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and the forced conversions of some 100,000 Jews in Portugal, many had fled to different regions of Europe and the New World.^[11] Dutch Brazil proved to be a haven for many, and a colony in Recife became a prosperous Jewish Community.

In the 1650s, Portugal retook control of Dutch Brazil, and the Inquisition soon followed. After the Portuguese occupation of Pernambuco many of the Jewish residents of Recife fled in an attempt to return to New Amsterdam.^[11] One ship, the St. Charles, was forced to divert its course after encountering Pirates on their course to Holland. After attempting to land in multiple Spanish ports, they eventually arrived at New Amsterdam without passports.^[11]

These immigrants were forced to sign a contract with the Captain of the St. Charles to bring them to New Amsterdam.^[11] Upon arrival they did not have sufficient funds to pay for their transit. Their remaining possessions were auctioned by Governor Peter Stuyvesant. Because the immigrants still did not have sufficient funds to pay the fees, two individuals were imprisoned.^[11]

Upon their arrival, Governor Stuyvesant objected to their settlement because they did not have the required passports or funds to sustain themselves.^[11] representatives of the Jews living at that time in New York sent a remonstrance to the Dutch West India Company, advocating to allow the immigrants to settle in the new colony. They argued that land was plentiful and adding more loyal individuals would help to facilitate the Dutch West India Company's goal of expanding their colony.^[12] Jewish stockholders in the Dutch West India Company convinced the company to pressure the governor into accepting the arrivals, but the latter still imposed numerous restrictions and taxes on his Jewish subjects. Eventually, many of these Jews left.^[13] The Governor's objections were overruled by the Company in an order issued February 15, 1655 and Jews were allowed to travel, trade and live in the New Amsterdam Colony.^[11]

Asser Levy

Asser Levy was the poorest of the first twenty-three Jewish Immigrants. He helped to file petitions that won the 23 immigrants the right to reside in New Amsterdam.^[14] As an advocate for Jews in the colony, the earliest mention of Asser Levy in a Court Record from New Amsterdam is September 15, 1654 as a plaintiff against unfair treatment of the Jewish immigrants.^[14] For example, Levy protested the policy of the exemption of Jews from enlisting in the army and being forced to pay an additional tax instead.^[14]

19th and 20th centuries

The second period in American Jewish history was dominated by German Jewry. Jewish people looking for peace and new life, and especially in the 19th century, New York was somewhere to do it. Many settlers started careers in the arts, business, and literature. Between the 1830s and 1880s, a growing number of middle-class German Jews escaping discrimination arrived in New York. As the city continued to grow, so did the Jewish population. In 1848 German Jews in New York established B'nai B'rith, the first major secular organization.

When the Civil War started about 7,000 Jews fought for the Union and about 1,500 for the Confederacy.^[15] After the Civil War, New York Jews were more religiously split with a Reform movement rising in popularity.^[16]

The Great Wave

Lower East Side, New York City

Between 1880 and 1924, 2.5 million Ashkenazi Jews from the Russian Empire, Kingdom of Romania, and Austria-Hungary came to the United States and nearly 75 percent took up residence on the Lower East Side.^[17] The Jewish population in New York went from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.5 million in 1920^[18] This new mix of cultures changed what was a middle-class, acculturated, politically conservative community to a working-class, Yiddish-speaking group with a varied mix of ideologies including socialism, Zionism, and religious orthodoxy. The population of Jews eventually hit over one million by the 1900s and crowded into Jewish neighborhoods where they were not restricted from renting due to discriminatory policies that persisted until the end of World War II.^[19] The less-fortunate began to make the Lower East Side their own district as an influx of Jews reached the city between the 1870s and early 1900s.^[15]

The Jews of Central and Eastern Europe faced economic hardship, persecution, and social and political changes in the 1800s through the early 1900s, causing them to flee to the United States.^[20] In Russia, there were waves of pogroms between 1881 and 1921.^[15]

In 1940, 90% of New York state's 2,206,328 (1937 figure) Jews resided in the city. However, the next two decades saw a flow to the suburbs.^[21]

Growth in Hasidic Judaism

While some Hasidic Jews arrived in the US during earlier waves of Jewish immigration to the United States, most remained in Europe, and many of those who did immigrate assimilated into other branches of Judaism. However, the rise of the Nazis and the devastation of the Holocaust drastically altered this situation. Many Hasidim, including numerous community leaders, were murdered during the Holocaust, and most of the survivors fled to either the United States or Israel. Prominent figures who escaped to the United States included the sixth Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, who in 1940 fled Nazi-occupied Poland for New York, aided by American diplomats who negotiated with the Nazis for his release. His son-in-law and successor, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, also escaped to New York from Paris via Portugal, arriving in 1941. Joel Teitelbaum, the Satmar Rebbe, escaped to Switzerland aboard the Kastner train and arrived in New York in 1946, following a brief stay in Jerusalem.

In New York City, major centers of Hasidic Judaism are found in Brooklyn, in particular the neighborhoods of Williamsburg, Crown Heights and Borough Park.

The Skverer Rebbe, Yakov Yosef Twersky, having also survived the Holocaust, arrived in New York in 1950, and settled in Williamsburg. In 1954, one of his followers purchased a dairy farm near Spring Valley, in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, with the purpose of establishing a village for his followers, where they could escape the temptations of assimilation which they experienced in Williamsburg. The first families arrived in late 1956, and in 1961 it was incorporated as the village of New Square – the first Hasidic community to be incorporated in the United States. In the 1970 census, New Square's population was 1,156; by the 2020 census, it had increased to 9,679.

Similarly, in the 1970s, Teitelbaum founded a village for his followers in Orange County, known as Kiryas Joel; the first families arrived in 1974, and the village was legally incorporated in 1977. The village would grow extremely rapidly over the following decades, mainly due to its high birth rate–from a population of 2,088 in the 1980 census, to 32,954 in the 2020 census. The growth of the village led to conflicts with the town of Monroe to which it belonged; to help resolve those conflicts, the town of Palm Tree, coterminous with Kiryas Joel village, was separated from Monroe in 2019. For similar reasons, the Kiryas Joel School District was separated from Monroe-Woodbury Central School District in 1989.

In 1990, followers of the Vizhnitz Hasidic dynasty incorporated another village in the town of Ramapo, Kaser. In the 2000 census, the village's population was 3,316; by the 2020 census, its population had increased to 5,491. Another predominantly Hasidic area in Ramapo is the unincorporated area (hamlet) of Monsey, which grew from 8,797 in the 1970 census to 26,954 in the 2020 census.

Contributions

Jewish culture

Jewish people also found ways to carry on their traditions and introduce some cultural aspects to New York City.

The bagel was brought to the United States in the early 20th century and became so popular that it is now a worldwide export. The recipe was fiercely safeguarded by Bagel Bakers Local 338, a union of 300 bagel craftsmen based in New York.^{[citation needed]}

Judaism

Temple Emanu-El

The first Jewish congregation in the city, Shearith Israel was established in 1654.^[22] Founded in 1845, Temple Emanu-El on 5th Avenue in Manhattan's Upper East Side is the oldest Reform Jewish congregation in New York City, which developed into the largest and most prestigious Reform congregation in the country. The Angel Orensanz Center, originally Anshe Chesed Synagogue, is situated in the Lower East Side and was the largest synagogue in the United States at the time of its construction. The building has been standing since 1849, making it the oldest surviving synagogue.

Borough Park's inhabitants are mostly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews. The area in southwestern Brooklyn first began to have a Jewish presence in the early 1900s. The Hasidic immigration started after World War II, with the arrival of survivors from Nazi extermination camps and Eastern European ghettos.^[23]

Science

Many Jews studied science and went to New York City, examples such as Otto Loewi, who moved to the United States in 1940, where he joined the faculty of New York University College of Medicine as a research professor of pharmacology.^[24] He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936, which he shared with Henry Dale.

Literature and theater

In the late 1800s to the early 1900s, people of the Jewish faith began to spread their art of theater throughout New York City. The Yiddish Theater was established in the Yiddish language in 1903, used by Jews in central and eastern Europe before the Holocaust. The Yiddish theater consisted mostly of Jewish people and settlers in New York performing Yiddish drama, and folktales, and expanding theatrical culture throughout the city.

Numerous Jewish actors and playwrights in the 20th and 21st centuries have influenced the theater world. Notable examples include Tony Curtis, Stephen Sondheim, Scarlett Johansson and Barbra Streisand.^[15]

Opera

In the realm of grand opera, several Jewish vocalists in New York City assumed a prominent role on the international concert hall stage while also striving to preserve Yiddish folk songs on recordings for future generations. Included in this group were such musicians as: Jan Peerce, Richard Tucker and Sidor Belarsky.^[25]

Riots and strikes

Teachers' strike of 1968

Albert Shanker

The New York City teachers' strike of 1968 was a months-long confrontation between the new community-controlled school board in the largely black Ocean Hill–Brownsville neighborhoods of Brooklyn and New York City's United Federation of Teachers. It began with a one day walkout in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville school district. It escalated to a citywide strike in September of that year, shutting down the public schools for a total of 36 days and increasing racial tensions between blacks and Jews.

Thousands of New York City teachers went on strike in 1968 when the school board of the neighborhood, which is now two separate neighborhoods, fired nineteen teachers and administrators without notice. The newly created school district, in a heavily black neighborhood, was an experiment in community control over schools—those dismissed were almost all Jewish.

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT), led by Albert Shanker, demanded the teachers' reinstatement and accused the community-controlled school board of anti-semitism. At the start of the school year in September 1968, the UFT held a strike that shut down New York City's public schools for nearly two months, leaving a million students without schools to attend.

The strike pitted community against union, highlighting a conflict between local rights to self-determination and teachers' universal rights as workers.^[26] Although the school district itself was quite small, the outcome of its experiment had great significance because of its potential to alter the entire educational system—in New York City and elsewhere. As one historian wrote in 1972: "If these seemingly simple acts had not been such a serious threat to the system, it would be unlikely that they would produce such a strong and immediate response."^[27]

Crown Heights riot of 1991

Location of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City.

The Crown Heights riot was a race riot that took place from August 19 to August 21, 1991, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. Black residents attacked Orthodox Jewish residents, damaged their homes, and looted businesses. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two 7 year-old children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light^[28]^[29] while following the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured.

In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash, black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and killing an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. Over the next three days, black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes. Two weeks after the riot, a non-Jewish man was killed by a group of black men; some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew. The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins, an African American. Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots, with many calling them a 'pogrom' to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders.

Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.^[30]

References

^ ^a ^b Danailova, Hilary (January 11, 2018). "Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth". Hadassah Magazine. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Weichselbaum, Simone (June 26, 2012). "Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
^ Saxe, Leonard; Parmer, Daniel; Tighe, Elizabeth; Magidin de Kramer, Raquel (March 2021). "American Jewish Population Estimates Summary & Highlights" (PDF). Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies Steinhardt Social Research Institute. American Jewish Population Project. p. 9. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
^ "Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011 Comprehensive Report" (PDF). UJA-Federation of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ Levine, Yitzchok (August 3, 2005). "Glimpses Into American Jewish History (Part 5)". The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
^ "A 'staggering' 61% of Jewish kids in New York City area are Orthodox, new study finds". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. June 13, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Ritterband, Paul. "Counting the Jews of New York, 1900-1991" (PDF). Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ Gergely, Julia (2024-05-09). "Nearly 1 million Jews live in NYC, new study finds". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
^ "7 things to know about the Jews of New York for Tuesday's primary". 2016-04-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Oppenheim, Samuel (1925). "More about Jacob Barsimson, The First Jewish Settler in New York". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (29): 39–52. JSTOR 43059441.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Warner, R. Stephen; Wittner, Judith G., eds. (1998). Gatherings In Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration. Temple University Press. ISBN 9781566396134. JSTOR j.ctt14bs976.
^ "Jewish New York: The Early Years". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
^ Peck, Abraham J. "Jewish New York: The Early Years". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hühner, Leon (1900). "Asser Levy. A Noted Jewish Burgher of New Amsterdam". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (8): 9–23. JSTOR 43057561.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Barnes, Ian (2014-01-09). The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution. doi:10.4324/9780203949856. ISBN 9780203949856.
^ Moore, Deborah. "In New York's History, A Cautionary Tale Of Judaism's Future". advance.lexis.com. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
^ "Mapping the Evolution of the Lower East Side Through a Jewish Lens, 1880-2014". 19 September 2014.
^ "Tracing the History of Jewish Immigrants and Their Impact on New York City". Fordham Newsroom. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ Raphael, Marc Lee (2008-01-31). Raphael, Marc Lee (ed.). The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/raph13222. ISBN 9780231507066.
^ Irving, Berlin; Hannah, Arendt; Albert, Einstein; Emma, Lazarus; Albert, Potter; Solomon, Smulewitz; Leo, Rosenberg; M., Rubinstein; Charles, Chambers (2004-09-09). "A Century of Immigration, 1820-1924 - From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America | Exhibitions (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
^ "New York State Jewish History".
^ Marcus, Jacob R. "Early American Jewry: The Jews of New York, New England, and Canada, 1649-1794." Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1951. Vol. I, pp. 3, 20-23
^ "Hasidim Live in an Aura of Fear in Borough Park Area". The New York Times. April 24, 1973. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
^ "Home - Credo Reference".
^ The Jewish Music Companion: Historical Overview, Personalities, Annotated Folksongs. Pasternack, Velvel, Tara Publications 2002 p 139 ISBN 1-928918-24-7 Sidor Belarsky on Google Books
^ Green, Philip (Summer 1970). "Decentralization, Community Control, and Revolution: Reflections on Ocean Hill-Brownsville". The Massachusetts Review. 11 (3). The Massachusetts Review, Inc.: 415–441. JSTOR 25088003.
^ Gittell, Marilyn (October 1972). "Decentralization and Citizen Participation in Education". Public Administration Review. 32 (Curriculum Essays on Citizens, Politics, and Administration in Urban Neighborhoods): 670–686. doi:10.2307/975232. JSTOR 975232. How fundamental was this effort at institutional change? At a minimum it attacked the structure on the delivery of services and the allocation of resources. At a maximum it potentially challenged the institutionalization of racism in America. It seriously challenged the "merit" civil service system which had become the main- stay of the American bureaucratic structure. It raised the issue of accountability of public service professionals and pointed to the distribution of power in the system and the inequities of the policy output of that structure. In a short three years, the Ocean Hill-Brownsville districts and IS 201, through such seemingly simple acts as hiring their own principals, allocating larger sums of money for the use of paraprofessionals, transfer- ring or dismissing teachers, and adopting a variety of new educational programs, had brought all of these issues into the forefront of the political arena.
^ "Two years after the riots in Crown Heights, blacks and Hasidic Jews are still demanding justice and nurturing peace.: Rage and Atonement". Los Angeles Times. 1993-08-29. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ "Crown Heights, 30 Years Later: Looking Back On The Riot That Tore The City Apart". CBS News. August 19, 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ "Crown Heights erupts in three days of race riots after Jewish driver hits and kills Gavin Cato, 7, in 1991". Daily News. New York. August 13, 2016. Retrieved 2022-05-30.