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Kirat Mundhum, (Nepali: किरात मुन्धुम) also known as Kiratism, or Kirati Mundhum, is a traditional belief of the Kirati ethnic groups of Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim, majorly practiced by Yakkha, Limbu, Sunuwar, Rai, Thami, Jirel, Hayu and Surel peoples in the north-eastern Indian subcontinent.[2] The practice is also known as Kirat Veda,[3][4] Kirat-Ko Veda[5] or Kirat Ko Ved.[6] According to some scholars, such as Tom Woodhatch, it is a blend of shamanism, animism (e.g., ancestor worship of Yuma Sammang/Tagera Ningwaphumang and Paruhang/Sumnima),[7] and Shaivism.[8] It is practiced by about 3.17% of the Nepali population as of 2021.[9]
 Kirati Shamans healing status in Banjhakri Falls Sikkim | |
| Founder | |
|---|---|
| Rulers of Kirat Dynasty | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Nepal •  India •  Bhutan | |
| Nepal: | 924,204 (2021) [1] |
| India | Unknown |
| Bhutan | Unknown |
| Religions | |
| Religious Division of Kiratism (Animism, Shamanism) •Nature worship and Ancestor worship •Satyahangma tradition of Mahaguru Phalgunanda | |
Religious texts
editIt has the religious scripture and folk literature of the Kirat people of Nepal and India. All four Kirats Khambu (Rai), Limbu (Subba), Sunuwar (Mukhia) and Yakkha (Dewan) have slightly different religious texts. Religious texts means the power of great strength Mundhum in the Limbu language,[10] Mewahang call it muddum, Yakka as mintum, Sunuwar as mukdum among Kulung as ridum Bantawa as Mundum and Chamling as dum.[11][12][13] It covers many aspects of the Kirat culture, customs and traditions that existed before Vedic period in the ancient Indian subcontinent.[14][15][16][17]
The religious texts for each tribe consists of customs, habits, rituals, traditions, and myths passed down from the Kirati tribe's ancestors. Religious texts serve, in a way, as customary laws which guide Kirats in their daily lives.[18] Their religious texts also distinguishes each Kiranti tribe from other Kirati and non-Kiratis as well.[18]
Practices
editKirants practice shamanism and their rituals are mostly related to the worship of Mother Nature, ancestors, the Sun, the Moon, wind, fire and the main pillar of the house. Almost all sacred rituals in Rai are performed by Nakchhong, Mangpa/Bijuwa/the Rai tribal priest. Similarly, the Limbus have phɛdɑŋmɑ/bɑ, yɛbɑ/mɑ, sɑmbɑ/mɑ[definition needed] to perform rituals accordingly. Rai's supreme deity is Sumnima. Sumnima is a female goddess which is believed to be the Mother Earth (Mother Nature) and Paruhang is a male god also known as the Sky God. The Limbus's supreme deity Tagera Ningwaphuma: tɑgɛrɑ niŋwɑphumɑ is personified as Yuma Sammang as female and Theba Sammang as male in earthly form. Some Limbus have their own distinct form of worship known as Yuma Sammang is mother goddess of all the Limbus, their follower are Yumaism; they venerate a supreme goddess.
Festivals
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All four Kirants celebrate some similar and different festivals throughout the year. Some common festivals are Udhauli, Ubhauli and New year Yele Sambat (Maghe Sankranti).
Sakela is the main festival of Kirat Khambu Rai. In this festival, they worship mother nature and their ancestors, who are believed to be staying in their Chulla. A Chulla is a fireplace of three stones in the garden, with each stone having a unique meaning. This festival is celebrated twice a year and is distinguished by two names Ubhauli and Udhauli. Sakela Ubhauli is celebrated during Baisakh Purnima (full moon day, which lies in the month of Baisakh in calendars of the Indian subcontinent) and Sakela. Udhauli is celebrated during the full moon day in the month of Mangsir. In Ubhauli they pray for the goodness of their family, good weather for cultivation; in Udhauli they thank mother nature and their ancestors for their blessings and good harvest.
Newars Celebrate Yenna, and Indrajatra and other festivals of the Valley, relationg to Yalamaber, Yela, Khopa, Ye.
In both Ubhauli and Udhauli, they sacrifice a rooster and offer ginger, rice, homemade alcohol, and tree resin (resin is put in the burning coal for fragrance) as worship, they also conduct a Sakela dance. In this dance, they perform all of their daily life activities such as planting rice, harvesting etc. During the dance the will also copy the behavior of animals and birds which are part of their day-to-day life. The Limbu Kirant celebrates Udhauli Chasok Tangnam on the day of Mangshir Purnima and Ubhauli (Yokwa Tongnam) in the month of Baisakh. Other Kirants (Yakkha and Sunuwars) also celebrate in their own way.
Sakela Sili is observed twice a year in the month of Baisakh Purnima and Mangsir Purnima, namely Ubhauli (going up) and Udhauli (coming down), indicating the migration pattern of the birds named Karyangkurung respectively. A Nakchhong performs the sacrificial offering, chula puja and other rituals in the Sakela Than. The dance is then led by a Silimappa and Silimamma and the Kirat community people come together in their traditional attire to form a circle and sing and dance together to the beats and rhythms of drums (Dhol) and cymbals (Jhyamta) enacting their daily life activities as well as mimicking different animals and birds. The sili or the dance moves reflect different aspects of human life and their relationship with nature.
Kiratis worship nature; therefore, Sakela Puja also known as Bhumi Puja is a prayer to Mother Nature. During Ubhauli, Kiratis worship Mother Nature for good crops and protection from natural calamities during the time of cultivation and farming. Likewise, Kiratis offer their gratitude and thanks to Mother Nature during Udhauli (harvesting time) for bestowing them with good crops. [19]
See also
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References
edit- ^ "Census Nepal caste-ethnicity results 2021".
- ^ "final layout pdf.p65" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ p. 56 Kiratese at a Glance By Gopal Man Tandukar
- ^ p. xxv A Grammar of Limbu By Geordefine sungge van Driem
- ^ Problems of Modern Indian Literature by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi
- ^ p. 323 Kiratas in Ancient India By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam
- ^ "History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong
- ^ p. 535 Nepal By Tom Woodhatch
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Schools as Zones of Peace in Nepal By Isabelle Duquesne LIT Verlag Münster, 12 Jan 2016
- ^ Page 45 Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society By S. N. Ratha, Georg Pfeffer, Deepak Kumar Behera, 1997
- ^ P.6 European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, Issues 17-19 By Südasien Institut, 1999
- ^ Hardman, Charlotte E. (December 2000). John Gledhill; Barbara Bender; Bruce Kapferer (eds.). Other Worlds: Notions of Self and Emotion among the Lohorung. Berg Publishers. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-1-85973-150-5.
- ^ Dor Bahadur Bista (1991). Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization. Orient Longman. pp. 15–17. ISBN 81-250-0188-3.
- ^ Cemjoṅga, Īmāna Siṃha (2003). History and Culture of the Kirant People. Kirant Yakthung Chumlung. pp. 2–7. ISBN 99933-809-1-1.
- ^ "Cultures & people of Darjeeling". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ Gurung, Harka B. (2003). Trident and Thunderbolt: Cultural Dynamics in Nepalese Politics (PDF). Nepal: Social Science Baha. ISBN 99933-43-44-7. OCLC 57068666. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ a b p. 65 Culture, Creation, and Procreation By Monika Böck, Aparna Rao
- ^ p. 108 Politics of Culture: A study of three Kirata communities in the Eastern Himalayas by T.B. Subba