The Late Ottoman period (c. 1750 - 1918) is the archaeologically and historically defined periodisation of areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies, primarily in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus and the Balkans.[1] Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.[2] This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history.[3]
As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its dissolution following the end of the First World War.[4] This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily European, intervention, outside invasions, the Tanzimat reforms, social modernization, economic globalization, improvements in communications and transportation infrastructure, and political change.[5][6][7]
According to Marom and Taxel, the separation, in academic discourses, of the Late Ottoman and post-Ottoman, Mandate periods, "represents an artificial break in the history of the countryside that [...] overshadows the social, demographic, economic, cultural, and local-political continuities, attested in historical and archaeological evidence."[8]
References
edit- ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqālan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
- ^ Ahmad, Feroz (1996), "The Late Ottoman Empire", The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Routledge, pp. 15–40, doi:10.4324/9780203988367-8, ISBN 978-0-203-98836-7, retrieved 2024-05-11
- ^ McCARTHY, Justin (1984). "The Defters of the Late Ottoman Period". Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 8 (2): 5–15. ISSN 0275-6048. JSTOR 43385151.
- ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2010-03-08), A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, doi:10.1515/9781400829682, ISBN 978-1-4008-2968-2, retrieved 2024-05-11
- ^ Kushner, David (1986). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation. BRILL. ISBN 978-965-217-027-9.
- ^ Yazbak, Mahmoud; Yazbak, Maḥmūd (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914: A Muslim Town in Transition. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9.
- ^ Özdalga, Elisabeth (2013-03-07). Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-29473-2.
- ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2024-10-10). "Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948)". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 11 (1): 88. doi:10.1558/jia.26586. ISSN 2051-9729.
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