Wikipedia

Liaoning

(Redirected from Liaoning Province)
This article is about a province of China. For the first Chinese aircraft carrier, see Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning.
For other uses, see Liaoning (disambiguation).

Liaoning[a] is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

Liaoning
辽宁
Province
Province of Liaoning
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese辽宁省 (Liáoníng Shěng)
 • AbbreviationLN / 辽 (pinyin: Liáo)
Clockwise: Mukden Palace in Shenyang, Xinghai Square in Dalian, Dalian coast, Yalu River at Dandong
Map showing the location of Liaoning Province
Map showing the location of Liaoning Province
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
CountryChina
Named for辽 Liáo—"Liao (River)"
宁 níng—"pacification"
"Pacified of the Liao (River)"
Capital
(and largest city)		Shenyang
Divisions14 prefectures, 100 counties, 1511 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyLiaoning Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryHao Peng
 • Congress chairmanHao Peng
 • GovernorLi Lecheng
 • CPPCC chairmanZhou Bo
 • National People's Congress Representation94 deputies
Area
[1]
 • Total
145,900 km2 (56,300 sq mi)
 • Rank21st
Highest elevation
(Mount Huabozi)
1,336 m (4,383 ft)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Total
42,591,407
 • Rank14th
 • Density290/km2 (760/sq mi)
  • Rank15th
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan – 84%
Manchu – 13%
Mongol – 2%
Hui – 0.6%
Korean – 0.6%
Xibe – 0.3%
 • Languages and dialectsNortheastern Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin, Pyongan Korean, Manchu
GDP (2023)[3]
 • TotalCN¥ 3,021 billion (16th)
US$ 429 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 72,107 (19th)
US$ 10,233
ISO 3166 codeCN-GD
HDI (2022)0.794[4] (10th) – high
Websiteln.gov.cn
Liaoning
"Liaoning" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese辽宁
Traditional Chinese遼寧
Literal meaning"Pacified of the Liao (River)"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLiáoníng
Bopomofoㄌㄧㄠˊ   ㄋㄧㄥˊ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLiauning
Wade–GilesLiao2-ning2
IPA[ljǎʊ.nǐŋ] ⓘ
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLìuh-nìng
JyutpingLiu4-ning4
IPA[liw˩.nɪŋ˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLiâu-lêng
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣᠮᠨᡳᠩ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationLiyoo'ning golo
Fengtian / Mukden Province
Chinese name
Chinese奉天
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinFèngtiān
Bopomofoㄈㄥˋ   ㄊㄧㄢ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhFenqtian
Wade–GilesFêng4-tʻien1
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠮᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationAbkai-imiyangga golo

Historically a gateway between China proper and Manchuria, the modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and was renamed Liaoning in 1929. It was also known at that time as Mukden Province for the Manchu name of Shengjing, the former name of Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored for a brief time in 1945 and then again in 1954.

Liaoning borders the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea's North Pyongan and Chagang provinces in the southeast, Jilin to the northeast, Hebei to the southwest, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the province's border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea. Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[6]

Name

edit

Liaoning is named after the Liao River that runs through the province. Ning (宁, "peace") is used frequently in Chinese place names including Ningxia, Xining and Nanning. The current name was first adopted in 1929, and restored in 1954 upon the merging of the Liaoxi ("West Liao") and Liaodong ("East Liao") provinces.

History

edit

Prior to 3rd century BC, Donghu, Gojoseon and Yemaek peoples inhabited Liaoning.[7] The state of Yan conquered the area around 300 BC. Two commanderies, Liaodong ("east of the Liao River") and Liaoxi ("west of the Liao River"), were established within the Liaoning region. The Yan city of Xiangping, the center of Liaodong, was located on the site of the present Liaoyang city.[8] As the Han dynasty fell, warlord Gongsun Du and his family established and maintained a semi-independent state based in Liaodong, until it was defeated by Cao Wei in 238. The state, also known as Yan, conducted numerous maritime diplomatic and trade expeditions, and had a lasting influence on Northeast Asian culture despite being short-lived.[9] After the end of Western Jin dynasty, Liaoning was ruled by Xianbei states of the Murong tribe – Former Yan, Later Yan, and Northern Yan. In 436, as Northern Wei seized the Yan capital, Liaodong Peninsula was taken over by Goguryeo. The Tang dynasty annexed the region during the Goguryeo–Tang War. However, when the An Lushan Rebellion drained Tang's resources away from its frontiers, Bohai gradually expanded into Liaodong. Eventually, Liaoning was conquered by the Khitan Liao dynasty, followed by the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Mongol Empire.

The Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371,[10] just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a defense wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan (who were Ming's tributaries) from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks from Jianzhou Jurchens (who were later to become known as the Manchu people). Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this "Liaodong Wall" was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[11]

Despite the Liaodong Wall, the Jurchens conquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Jurchen dynasty, styled "Later Jin" before being renamed to Qing, established its capital in 1616–1621 in Xingjing (兴京), which was located outside of the Liaodong Wall in the eastern part of the modern Liaoning Province.[12] It was moved to Dongjing (east of today's Liaoyang, Liaoning),[13][14] and finally in 1625 to Shengjing (now, Shenyang, Liaoning). Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing after it fell to the Qing in 1644, Shengjing retained its importance as a regional capital throughout most of the Qing era.

The Qing conquest of Liaoning resulted in a significant population loss in the area, as many local Chinese residents were either killed during fighting, or fled south of the Great Wall, many cities being destroyed by the retreating Ming forces themselves. As late as 1661, the Civil Governor (Fuyin) of Fengtian Province, Zhang Shangxian reported that, outside of Fengtian City (Shenyang), Liaoyang, and Haicheng, all other cities east of the Liao River were either abandoned, or hardly had a few hundred residents left. In the Governor's words, "Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants". West of the Liao, only Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and Guangning had any significant populations remaining.[15]

In the latter half of the seventeenth century (starting with laws issued in 1651 and 1653), the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall (notably, from Shandong) to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province (roughly corresponding to today's Liaoning).[16] Many of the current residents of Liaoning trace their ancestry to these seventeenth century settlers. The rest of China's Northeast, however, remained officially off-limits to Han Chinese for most of the Manchu era. To prevent the migration of Chinese to those regions (today's Jilin and Heilongjiang, as well as the adjacent parts of Inner Mongolia), the so-called Willow Palisade was constructed (c. 1638 – c. 1672). The Palisade encircled the agricultural heartlands of Fengtian, running in most areas either somewhat outside the old Ming Liaodong Wall, or reusing it, and separating it from the Manchu forests to the northeast and the Mongol grazing lands to the northwest.[17]

Later on, the Qing government tried to stop the migrants flow to Fengtian or even to make some settlers return to their original places of residence – or, failing that, to legalize them. For example, an edict issued in 1704 commented on the recent Han Chinese settlers in Fengtian having failed to comply with earlier orders requiring them to leave, and asked them either to properly register and join a local defense group (保; bao), or to leave the province for their original places within the next ten years. Ten years later, naturally, another edict appeared, reminding of the necessity to do something with illegal migrants ...[18] In any event, the restrictive policy was not as effective as desired by the officials in Beijing, and Fengtian's population doubled between 1683 and 1734.[18]

During the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was ruled by three generals, one of whom, the General of Shengjing (Mukden i Jiyanggiyūn) ruled much of modern Liaoning. In 1860, the Manchu government began to reopen the region to migration, which quickly resulted in Han Chinese becoming the dominant ethnic group in the region.

In the 20th century, the province of Fengtian was set up in what is Liaoning today. When Japan and Russia fought the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, many key battles took place in Liaoning, including the Battle of Port Arthur and the Battle of Mukden, which was, to that point, the largest land battle ever fought. During the Warlord Era in the early twentieth century, Liaoning was under the Fengtian clique, including Zhang Zuolin and his son Zhang Xueliang. The province first received its present name on January 29, 1929; the Zhongdong Railway Incident took place later that year. In 1931, Japan invaded and the area came under the rule of the Japanese-controlled puppet state of Manchukuo. The Chinese Civil War that took place following Japanese defeat in 1945 had its first major battles (the Liaoshen Campaign) in and around Liaoning.

At the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces, Liaodong and Liaoxi, as well as five municipalities, Shenyang, Lüda (present-day Dalian), Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi. These were all merged into "Liaoning" in 1954, and parts of former Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During the Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of Inner Mongolia, though this was reversed later.

Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years, this early focus on heavy industry has become a liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a "Revitalize the Northeast" Campaign.

  •  
    The Ming Liaodong Wall (in purple)
  •  
    The late-Ming Liaodong (eastern Liaoning) separated by the wall from the "Kingdom of the Jurchen" (Regno di Niuche). The map was created during the early Qing, and mentions that "presently" the Jurchen (Tartari del Kin) have already conquered the rest of China
  •  
    The full picture of Shengjing area 1734
  •  
    Liaodong (Leao-Tong) in the early Qing, surrounded by the Willow Palisade. This map, published in 1734, was based on data collected by Jesuits in the early 18th century. The capital is in Shenyang (Chinyang); most other cities mentioned in Governor Zhang's report are shown as well

Geography

edit
 
Landsat 7 image of western Liaoning

It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.

The highlands in the west are dominated by the Nulu'erhu Mountains, which roughly follow the border between Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. The entire region is dominated by low hills. A narrow strip of coastal plains, known as the Liaoxi Corridor, connects the Liao River Basin to the North China Plain, ending at the Shanhai Pass of the Great Wall.

The central part of Liaoning consists of a basin drained by rivers such as the Liao, Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and low-lying.

The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Mountains and Qianshan Mountains which extend into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula. The highest point in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region.

Liaoning has a continental monsoon climate, and rainfall averages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry.

Further information: Anping Creek

Major cities:

Paleontology

edit
Main article: Jehol Biota

Liaoning contains some of the foremost paleontological sites in the world. Known collectively as the Jehol Group, they include the Yixian Formation, Jiufotang Formation and Tiaojishan Formation. The name Jehol derives from a now defunct provincial division of that name, which covered an area that is now Western Liaoning, Eastern Hebei, and a small part of Inner Mongolia. Fossils were first found there during the 1920s. During the Japanese occupation of the area through the 1930s and early 1940s, more fossils were found, but records of them were lost after World War II ended. The area remained relatively unexplored until the 1990s. It was in 1996 that Liaoning made the headlines with the announcement of the discovery of Sinosauropteryx prima, the first example of a filamented "feathered" dinosaur. Sinosauropteryx prima was a small feathered meat-eating dinosaur, from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation.[19] This discovery pushed the evolution of feathers back in time and showed that dinosaurs, not only birds, had feathers. It also showed a direct evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and modern birds.

Since then, dozens of ground-breaking finds have been discovered throughout the Jehol group. These including the earliest flower, earliest eutherian mammal, known as Eomaia,[20] the earliest known metatherian, an intact embryo of a pterosaur,[21] Repenomamus robustus—a 15 kg heavy mammal that ate dinosaurs, Sinornithosaurus millenii, as well as many birds and feathered dinosaurs.[22] Discoveries such as Dilong paradoxus, another feathered theropod, date to the early Cretaceous Period. This is some 60 million years before Tyrannosaurus, and thus these discoveries push the evolution of feathers earlier than previously thought.[21]

The Liaoning fossils are noted for their high degree of preservation—often including soft body tissues, which is rare.[23] Aside from the famous birds and feathered dinosaurs, the Liaoning fossils include insects, fish, aquatic arthropods, and plants.[24] The Liaoning deposit is widely considered to be one of the world's premier fossil sites.[23] The high level of preservation is believed to be due to how the animals died. The area was volcanically active, and large plumes of volcanic dust repeatedly covered the area, instantly killing and burying any living thing in the area. The extremely fine grain of the sediment and the chemical composition of the ash prevented the usual bacterial decay.[24] In some specimens, extremely fine details can be seen such as the proboscis of the bee Florinemestruis used to drink nectar from the earliest flowers.[21] In other specimens, colours are still visible, including stripes on fish and spots on turtles.[24]

Politics

edit
Main articles: Politics of Liaoning and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Liaoning is structured in a single party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (辽宁省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's single party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Chinese Communist Party Liaoning Provincial Committee Secretary (辽宁省委书记 for short), colloquially termed the "Liaoning Party Chief".

Prior to 1949 and the Chinese Communist Revolution, Liaoning was governed by the Fengtian clique of warlords and interchangeably officials of the Chiang Kai-shek bureaucracy. During the Qing Dynasty Liaoning was known as the province of Fengtian (奉天), and was governed by a zǒngdū or Viceroy (The Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces, 东三省总督), along with the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The province itself also had a governor (巡抚; xúnfǔ).

Administrative divisions

edit
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Liaoning and List of township-level divisions of Liaoning

Liaoning is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities):

Administrative divisions of Liaoning
Division code[25] Division Area in km2[26] Population 2010[27] Seat Divisions[28]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
210000 Liaoning Province 145,900.00 43,746,323 Shenyang city 59 17 8 16
210100 Shenyang city 12,860.00 8,106,171 Hunnan District 10 2 1
210200 Dalian city 12,573.85 6,690,432 Xigang District 7 1 2
210300 Anshan city 9,252.00 3,645,884 Tiedong District 4 1 1 1
210400 Fushun city 11,272.00 2,138,090 Shuncheng District 4 1 2
210500 Benxi city 8,420.00 1,709,538 Pingshan District 4 2
210600 Dandong city 15,289.61 2,444,697 Zhenxing District 3 1 2
210700 Jinzhou city 9,890.62 3,126,463 Taihe District 3 2 2
210800 Yingkou city 5,365.46 2,428,534 Zhanqian District 4 2
210900 Fuxin city 10,354.99 1,819,339 Xihe District 5 1 1
211000 Liaoyang city 4,743.24 1,858,768 Baita District 5 1 1
211100 Panjin city 4,071.10 1,392,493 Xinglongtai District 3 1
211200 Tieling city 12,979.69 2,717,732 Yinzhou District 2 3 2
211300 Chaoyang city 19,698.00 3,044,641 Shuangta District 2 2 1 2
211400 Huludao city 10,414.94 2,623,541 Longgang District 3 2 1
  Sub-provincial cities

These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100 county-level divisions (56 districts, 17 county-level cities, 19 counties, and 8 autonomous counties), which are then further subdivided into 1511 township-level divisions (613 towns, 301 townships, 77 ethnic townships, and 520 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 43.69 million.[29]

Urban areas

edit
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[30] 2010 Urban area[31] 2020 City proper
1 Shenyang 7,229,320 5,718,232[b] 9,070,093
2 Dalian 5,286,743 3,902,467[c] 7,450,785
3 Anshan 1,480,332 1,504,996 3,325,372
4 Fushun 1,228,890 1,318,808 1,861,372
5 Yingkou 1,027,117 880,412 2,328,582
6 Jinzhou 1,021,478 946,098 2,703,853
7 Panjin 980,422 663,445[d] 1,389,691
8 Benxi 808,221 1,000,128 1,326,018
9 Liaoyang 764,504 735,047 1,604,580
10 Huludao 764,241 646,482 2,434,194
11 Dandong 748,983 775,787 2,188,436
12 Fuxin 742,318 750,283 1,647,280
13 Haicheng 680,033 687,223 see Anshan
14 Chaoyang 580,995 477,610 2,872,857
15 Wafangdian 454,388 413,921 see Dalian
16 Tieling 424,200 396,505 2,388,294
17 Donggang 357,229 290,957 see Dandong
18 Zhuanghe 348,028 304,233 see Dalian
19 Dashiqiao 309,066 330,328 see Yingkou
20 Kaiyuan 257,822 242,412 see Tieling
21 Fengcheng 252,921 247,219 see Dandong
22 Lingyuan 247,488 200,354 see Chaoyang
23 Gaizhou 228,059 218,478 see Yingkou
24 Xingcheng 219,545 178,291 see Huludao
25 Xinmin 218,041 484,287 see Shenyang
26 Beipiao 190,315 168,620 see Chaoyang
27 Dengta 185,623 163,064 see Liaoyang
28 Diaobingshan 179,480 195,673 see Tieling
29 Linghai 167,909 134,716 see Jinzhou
30 Beizhen 152,033 127,101 see Jinzhou
— Pulandian see Dalian 319,942 see Dalian
  1. ^ /ljaʊˈnɪŋ/;[5] Chinese: 辽宁ⓘ
  2. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Liaozhong (Liaozhong County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Pulandian (Pulandian CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Dawa (Dawa County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
 
 
Most populous cities in Liaoning
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[32]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
 
Shenyang
 
Dalian 		1 Shenyang 5,651,200 11 Huludao 728,700  
Anshan
 
Fushun
2 Dalian 3,808,300 12 Dandong 668,100
3 Anshan 1,420,800 13 Chaoyang 590,500
4 Fushun 1,223,500 14 Tieling 435,200
5 Jinzhou 969,000 15 Zhuanghe 348,000
6 Yingkou 892,800 16 Wafangdian 329,500
7 Benxi 861,000 17 Dashiqiao 261,600
8 Panjin 847,100 18 Haicheng 244,800
9 Liaoyang 763,600 19 Gaizhou 231,100
10 Fuxin 759,400 20 Lingyuan 224,000

Economy

edit
 
Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning Province
 
Dalian, second largest city in Liaoning Province

Liaoning has the largest and wealthiest provincial economy of Northeast China. Its nominal GDP for 2017 was 2.39 trillion yuan (ca. US$354 billion), making it the 14th largest in China (out of 31 provinces). Its per capita GDP was 54,745 yuan (US$8,108). Among the three provinces of Northeast China, Liaoning is the largest in terms of GDP and GDP per capita.

In 2008, Liaoning was the region with the highest GDP growth among global G8x8, the eight provinces or states below national level with the highest GDP of the top eight GDP nations. According to preliminary statistics, Liaoning maintained its GDP growth rate of 13.1 percent in 2009 and held its position as the province with the highest economic growth. Economic growth has since slowed down, with the economy expanding 3% in 2015 and contracting 1.3% in the first quarter of 2016.[citation needed]

Leading industries include petrochemicals, metallurgy, electronics telecommunications, and machinery.[33] On a national level, Liaoning is a major producer of pig iron, steel and metal-cutting machine tools, all of whose production rank among the top three in the nation. Liaoning is one of the most important raw materials production bases in China. Industries such as mining, quarrying, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, petroleum and natural gas extraction, are all of great significance.

Meanwhile, Liaoning is an important production base of equipment and machinery manufacturing, with Shenyang and Dalian being the industrial centers. Enterprises such as Shenyang Jinbei Co. Ltd., Daxian Group Co. Ltd., and Shenyang Machine Tool Co. Ltd., are leaders in their sectors. The province's light industry mainly focuses on textiles and clothing industries which include cotton and wool spinning, chemical fiber production, knitting, silk production, and the manufacturing of both garments and textile machinery.

In 2008, its tertiary industry accounted for 34.5 percent of total GDP. In the future, Liaoning will continue its efforts to restructure large and medium-sized state enterprises. Meanwhile, the province will concentrate in developing its four pillar industries – petrochemicals, metallurgy, machinery and electronics.

Liaoning is the place of origin of the Li Keqiang index, an alternative measure of economic performance where GDP figures are unreliable.

Agriculture

edit

Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize, sorghum, and soybeans. The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches. Cotton is also produced.

Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou, golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong.

Mining

edit

Liaoning has the most iron, magnesite, diamond, and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Salt is produced along the coast.

Oil

edit

Along with Liaoning's rich mineral reserves, the province also has abundant deposits of crude oil, especially in the Liaohe Oilfield.[33]

Industry

edit

Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, including machinery, electronics, metal refining, petroleum, chemical industries, construction materials and coal.

The sea off Dalian abounds with quality seafood, such as abalone, sea cucumber, scallops, prawns, crabs, and sea urchins. The big fish of Dandong, the jellyfish of Yingkou, and the clams of Panjin are known worldwide for their taste fresh from the sea, and in products made for domestic and international export.

Trade

edit

The cities of Dalian, Dandong and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China.

Economic and technological development zones

edit

Of the development zones formally recognized by the PRC State Council, 56 are located in Liaoning, including 14 on the national level and 42 on the provincial level. These zones are further grouped into Economic Development Zones,[34] High-Tech Zones,[35] Free Trade and Export Processing Zones,[36] and Special Development Zones.[37][38]

  • Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone

In October 1995, the Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone was approved to be established by State Council. The Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone is the only zone established as part of the Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. It has a total area of 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi). It welcomes international investment. It focuses on the development of instruments manufacturing, telecommunication, bio-pharmaceuticals, electronics, and new materials.[39]

  • Liaoning Shenyang Export Processing Zone

The Liaoning Shenyang Zhangshi Export Processing Zone was approved to be established by the state government in June 2005. It is located in the national-level Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone, with a planned area of 62 km2 (24 sq mi) and current area of 14.1 km2 (5.4 sq mi). It encourages and focuses on the development of auto and auto parts, electronics, precision machinery, new energy, new materials, and the fine chemical industry.[40]

  • Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone used to be called the Shenyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Established in 1988, it is a national high-tech development zone approved by the State Council. The zone is located in western Shenyang City with an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its encouraged industries include electronic information, new materials, biological engineering, energy saving, and environmental protection.[41]

The Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone (now known as the "Dalian Development Area") was established in September 1984, as one of the first of the China National Economic and Technological Development Zones. The zone had a GDP of 70.31 billion yuan in 2007 and the total volume of its import and export trade was 14.92 billion dollars, which accounts for a quarter of such trade for all of Liaoning Province. Most of the enterprises in Dalian ETDZ are factories owned by foreign enterprises, especially from Japan, South Korea and the United States, such as Canon, Pfizer, Toshiba, and Intel.[42]

  • Dalian Export Processing Zone

The Dalian Export Processing Zone was approved to be set up by the State Council in April 2000, with a planned area of 2.95 km2 (1.14 sq mi). It is divided into two parts, A Zone and B Zone. A Zone has a construction area of 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi), and started operation in May 2001. All the basic infrastructure is available, which includes road, water, gas, and power supply, telecommunication, and so on. A Zone promotes industries such as home appliances, lighting, machinery, construction materials, and medical instruments.[43]

  • Dalian Free Trade Zone

The Dalian Free Trade Zone was approved to be set up by the government in May, 1992. Policies include duty-free trade. It has attracted some leading industries, such as electronics, machinery, and plastics.[44]

  • Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 35.6 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi). It focuses on and encourages the following industries: electronic information, bio-pharmaceuticals, and new materials.[45]

  • Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone

The Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1992. It is located in the bank of Yalu River, and opposite Sinuiju, a North Korean city. It promotes industries such as electronic information, machinery manufacturing, and bio-pharmaceuticals.[46]

  • Yingkou Economic & Technical Development Zone

Regional development strategies

edit

Central Liaoning City Cluster (Shenyang Metro Area)

edit

The Central Liaoning city cluster is a megalopolis centered on Shenyang (urban population 4 million). Within its 150 km (93 mi) radius, it includes Anshan (urban population 1.3 million), Fushun (1.3 million), Yingkou (1.1 million), Benxi (0.95 million), Liaoyang (0.7 million), and Tieling (0.4 million).

In April 2010, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved a national development strategy for the Shenyang Metro Area. The core of this strategy is innovation in industrial development, integration of the eight cities, integration of urban and rural areas as well as the promotion of more market-oriented development.[47]

Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt

edit

The Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Liaoning, Li Keqiang, initiated the development of a strategy entitled "5 Points and One Line", which he first proposed on a visit to Yingkou in late 2005. Liaoning Province formally launched the development strategy for the entire Liaoning coastline in early 2006, so as to re-invigorate the provincial economy from its traditional status as a "rustbelt" of Chinese state-owned enterprises.

The "Five Points" indicate five key development areas in the province and cover seven zones: the Changxing Island Harbor Industrial Zone in Dalian; Yingkou Coastal Industrial Base; Liaoxi Jinzhou Bay Coastal Economic Zone; Dandong, and the Zhuanghe Huayuankou Industrial Zone.

The five zones together cover a planned area of nearly 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi).

The "One Line" mentioned in the strategy represents a new series of motorways along the coast. The 1,433-kilometer coastline will become the connection between the five above zones, through which 6 provincial cities, 21 counties and 113 towns will be interlinked. Coastal motorways directly connect the entire string of five zones along the Bohai sea.

Demographics

edit
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[48] 12,133,000—    
1928[49] 15,233,000+25.6%
1936–37[50] 15,254,000+0.1%
1947[51] 10,007,000−34.4%
1954[52] 18,545,147+85.3%
1964[53] 26,946,200+45.3%
1982[54] 35,721,693+32.6%
1990[55] 39,459,697+10.5%
2000[56] 41,824,412+6.0%
2010[57] 43,746,323+4.6%
2020 42,591,407−2.6%
Liaoning Province was known as Fengtian Province until 1929.
Shenyang: part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Dalian (Lüda): part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Andong Province (Liaodong Province): split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Liaobei Province: split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1949 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Rehe Province: incorporated into a province in 1928; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Liaoxi Province: split from Liaoning Province in 1949; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.

The population of Liaoning is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Manchus, Mongols, Hui, Koreans and Xibe. Liaoning has both the highest absolute number and highest percentage of Manchus in all of China.

Ethnic groups in Liaoning, 2000 census
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 35,105,991 83.94%
Manchu 5,385,287 12.88%
Mongol 669,972 1.60%
Hui 264,407 0.632%
Koreans 241,052 0.576%
Xibe 132,615 0.317%
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:[58]

Religion

edit
Further information: Religion in Northeast China

Religion in Liaoning (2012)[59]

  Non religious and traditional faiths (91.3%)
  Buddhism (5.5%)
  Protestantism (2.2%)
  Islam (0.6%)
  Catholicism (0.2%)
  Others (0.1%)

According to a 2012 survey,[59] only around 10% of the population of Liaoning belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being Buddhists with 5.5%, followed by Protestants with 2.2%, Muslims with 0.6% and Catholics with 0.2%.

 
Jade Buddha Temple in Anshan

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; around 90% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in Chinese folk religions (cults of nature deities and ancestors), Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.

The significant Manchu population, although strongly assimilated to the Han Chinese and practicing Chinese religions, also retains its own pure Manchu shamanism. At the same time, the local religion of the Han people throughout Manchuria has developed patterns of deities, ideas, and practices inherited from Manchu and Tungus shamanism, making it quite different from central and southern Chinese folk religion. The Mongol ethnic minority either follows the Mongolian folk religion and shamanism, or Tibetan Buddhism.

Tourism

edit
 
Chongzheng Hall in the Mukden Palace

The Mukden Palace was the palace of the Qing Dynasty emperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital to Beijing. Though not as large nor as well known as its counterpart (the Forbidden City) in Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on the UNESCO World Heritage Site as an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing.

In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with other Ming and Qing Dynasties tombs (such as the Ming Dynasty Tombs in Beijing, and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing) as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Wunu Mountain City, a Goguryeo site found in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, is part of a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes sites in Ji'an, Jilin.

Benxi offers a boat ride through a large stalactite filled cave and underground river.

Anshan hosts the Jade Buddha Palace, the largest Buddha statue made of jade in the world.

Liaoyang, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in northeast China, has a number of historical sites, including the White Pagoda (Baita), that dates to the Yuan Dynasty.

The port city of Dalian, located on the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, is a tourist destination in its own right, with beaches, resorts, zoos, seafood, shopping, Russian- and Japanese-era heritage architecture, and streetcars, a rare sight in China.

Dandong, on the border with North Korea, is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city of Sinŭiju.

Bijia Mountain is an island which joins to the mainland at low tide by a land bridge.

Education and research

edit

Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[6]

Colleges and universities

edit
See also: List of universities and colleges in Liaoning

Under the national Ministry of Education:

Under various other national agencies:

Under the provincial government:

Sports

edit
 
Dalian Sports Center Stadium.

Professional sports teams based in Liaoning include:

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.; see also "zh: 2023年辽宁省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". liaoning.gov.cn. March 28, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  4. ^ "Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Liaoning". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Leading 200 science cities 2023| | Supplements". Nature Index. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  7. ^ 先秦辽阳地区部族问题初探. lydaw.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  8. ^ Byington, Mark E. (2020). The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia: Archaeology and Historical Memory. Brill. p. 44. ISBN 9781684175673.
  9. ^ 郭大顺 (2018). "考古学观察下的古代辽宁". 地域文化研究 (1).
  10. ^ John W. Dardess (2012). Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-4422-0490-4.
  11. ^ Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. pp. 38–40. ISBN 0-89065-118-3.
  12. ^ "Xingjing". Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  13. ^ "Dongjing". Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  14. ^ Edmonds (1985), p. 113
  15. ^ Edmonds (1985), p. 74
  16. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 74–75
  17. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 58–61
  18. ^ a b Edmonds (1985), p. 76
  19. ^ Chen, P-J., Dong, Z-M., Zhen, S-N. 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature. Vol. 391:14.–152.
  20. ^ Vaughan, Terry A; Ryan, James M.; Cheshire, Leonard; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2011). Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-1449644376.
  21. ^ a b c Manning, Phillip Lars (2008). Grave Secrets of Dinosaurs: Soft Tissues and Hard Science. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1426202193. Retrieved 23 July 2014. Liaoning dinosaur.
  22. ^ Selden, Paul; Nudds, John (2012). Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems. Elsevier. pp. 168–182. ISBN 978-0124046375.
  23. ^ a b Brusatte, Stephen L. (2012). Dinosaur Paleobiology, Volume 1 of TOPA Topics in Paleobiology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-1118273555. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  24. ^ a b c Norell, Mark; Gaffney, Eugene S.; Dingus, Lowell (2000). Discovering Dinosaurs: Evolution, Extinction, and the Lessons of Prehistory. University of California Press. pp. 214–216. ISBN 0520225015.
  25. ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
  26. ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  27. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  28. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  29. ^ http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm
  30. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
  31. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  32. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House.
  33. ^ a b "Liaoning Province: Economic News and Statistics for Liaoning's Economy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  34. ^ Economic Development Zones
  35. ^ High-Tech Zones
  36. ^ Free Trade and Export Processing Zones
  37. ^ Special Development Zones
  38. ^ "China Liaoning Business Guide". Archived from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  39. ^ RightSite.asia | Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone
  40. ^ RightSite.asia | Liaoning Shenyang Zhangshi Export Processing Zone
  41. ^ RightSite.asia | Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  42. ^ RightSite.asia | Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ RightSite.asia | Dalian Export Processing Zone Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ RightSite.asia | Dalian Free Trade Zone Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ RightSite.asia | Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ RightSite.asia | Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone Archived 2010-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "China Liaoning Business Guide". Archived from the original on 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  48. ^ 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  49. ^ 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  50. ^ 1936–37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  51. ^ 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  52. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009.
  53. ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
  54. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.
  55. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012.
  56. ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
  57. ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013.
  58. ^ National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003). 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7105054251., 2 volumes
  59. ^ a b China Family Panel Studies 2012: 当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). CASS. 2014-03-03. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 辽宁.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liaoning.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaoning&oldid=1258712314"