The ligamenta flava (sg.: ligamentum flavum, Latin for yellow ligament) are a series of ligaments that connect the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. They help to preserve upright posture, preventing hyperflexion, and ensuring that the vertebral column straightens after flexion. Hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis.
| Ligamenta flava | |
|---|---|
 Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front | |
 | |
| Details | |
| System | Skeletal |
| From | Laminae of adjacent vertebrae |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | ligamenta flava (singular: ligamentum flavum) |
| MeSH | D017843 |
| TA98 | A03.2.01.003 |
| TA2 | 1675 |
| FMA | 76816 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
They appear yellowish in colour due to their high elastic fibre content.[1]
Anatomy
editEach ligamentum flavum connects the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae.[2][3] They attach to the anterior portion of the upper lamina above, and the posterior portion of the lower lamina below.[1] They begin with the junction of the axis and third cervical vertebra, continuing down to the junction of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum.[2][3]
In the neck region the ligaments are thin, but broad and long; they are thicker in the thoracic region, and thickest in the lumbar region. They are thinnest between the atlas bone (C1) and the axis bone (C2), and may be absent in some people. They become longer inferiorly in the cervical spine, as the distance between adjacent laminae increases.[2]
They are best seen from the interior of the vertebral canal. when looked at from the outer surface they appear short, being overlapped by the lamina of the vertebral arch.[citation needed]
Structure
editEach ligament consists of two lateral portions which commence one on either side of the roots of the articular processes, and extend backward to the point where the laminae meet to form the spinous process; the posterior margins of the two portions are in contact and to a certain extent united, slight intervals being left for the passage of small vessels.[citation needed] Small veins that form anastomotic connections between the internal and external vertebral venous plexuses may pass between a pair of the ligaments.[1]
Ligamenta flava undergo slight fibrotic and chondrometaplastic changes with aging. In spinal stenosis, the density of the ligaments is reduced possibly causing a bulge into the spinal canal in the standing position.
Function
editThe ligamenta flava become stretched with flexion of the spine.[1] The marked elasticity of the ligamenta flava serves to preserve upright posture, and to assist the vertebral column in resuming it after flexion. The elastin, fairly unique to the ligamenta flava among other ligaments,[2] prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal during extension, which would cause spinal cord compression.
Clinical significance
editBecause these ligaments lie in the posterior part of the vertebral canal, their hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis, particularly in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.[4] The ligamenta flava may also become fatty or calcify during ageing.[2] These cause degeneration of elastin.[2] Some studies indicate that the hypertrophy of these ligaments may be linked to a fibrotic process associated with increased collagen VI, which could represent an adaptive and reparative process in response to the rupture of elastic fibers.[5][6]
Epidural
editDuring an epidural, the needle has to be inserted into the spinal space through a ligamentum flavum. Once it passes through, this is felt as a decrease in the pressure requited to further advance the needle.[7] This makes the ligamentum flavum an important landmark to overcome to ensure proper needle placement.[7]
Removal
editDuring a microdiscectomy, a procedure to remove part of an intervertebral disc that is pressing on the spinal nerves, the ligamenta flava may need to be removed or reshaped.[8] A hook can be placed underneath a ligamentum flavum to ensure it is separated from the dura mater.[8]
References
edit
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 290 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b c d Sinnatamby, Chummy (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). p. 424. ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Cramer, Gregory D. (2014). "5 - The Cervical Region". Clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS. Susan A. Darby, Gregory D. Cramer (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 135–209. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-07954-9.00005-0. ISBN 978-0-323-07954-9. OCLC 830314791.
- ^ a b Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. 2 May 2011. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
- ^ Karpman RR, Weinstein PR, Gall EP, Johnson PC (1982). "Lumbar spinal stenosis in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hypertrophy syndrome". Spine. 7 (6): 598–603. doi:10.1097/00007632-198211000-00014. PMID 7167833. S2CID 28914604.
- ^ Kawahara E, Oda Y, Katsuda S, Nakanishi I, Aoyama K, Tomita K (1991). "Microfilamentous type VI collagen in the hyalinized stroma of the hypertrophied ligamentum flavum". Virchows Archiv. 419 (5): 373–80. doi:10.1007/bf01605070. PMID 1721469. S2CID 22514146.
- ^ Sairyo K, Biyani A, Goel V, Leaman D, Booth R, Thomas J, Gehling D, Vishnubhotla L, Long R, Ebraheim N (December 2005). "Pathomechanism of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy: a multidisciplinary investigation based on clinical, biomechanical, histologic, and biologic assessments". Spine. 30 (23): 2649–56. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000188117.77657.ee. PMID 16319751. S2CID 22529392.
- ^ a b Deer, Timothy R.; Ranson, Matthew T.; Stewart, Douglas (2009). "32 - Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Delivery". Neuromodulation (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press, Elsevier. pp. 431–440. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374248-3.00033-1. ISBN 978-0-08-092139-6. OCLC 430052082.
- ^ a b Tumialan, Luis M. (2012). "162 - Minimally Invasive Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques". Schmidek & Sweet operative neurosurgical techniques : indications, methods, and results (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. pp. 1865–1870. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-6839-6.10162-5. ISBN 978-1-4557-2328-7. OCLC 805164028.
External links
edit- Anatomy figure: 02:02-05 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
