This is a list of some physical properties of common glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the technical glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study.[1] Unless stated otherwise, the properties of fused silica (quartz glass) and germania glass are derived from the SciGlass glass database by forming the arithmetic mean of all the experimental values from different authors (in general more than 10 independent sources for quartz glass and Tg of germanium oxide glass).
The list is not exhaustive.
| Properties | Soda–lime glass (for containers)[2] | Borosilicate (low expansion, similar to Pyrex, Duran) | Glass wool (for thermal insulation) | Special optical glass (similar to Lead crystal) |
Fused silica | Germania glass | Germanium selenide glass |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical composition, wt% |
74 SiO2, 13 Na2O, 10.5 CaO, 1.3 Al2O3, 0.3 K2O, 0.2 SO3, 0.2 MgO, 0.01 TiO2, 0.04 Fe2O3 | 81 SiO2, 12.5 B2O3, 4 Na2O, 2.2 Al2O3, 0.02 CaO, 0.06 K2O | 63 SiO2, 16 Na2O, 8 CaO, 3.3 B2O3, 5 Al2O3, 3.5 MgO, 0.8 K2O, 0.3 Fe2O3, 0.2 SO3 | 41.2 SiO2, 34.1 PbO, 12.4 BaO, 6.3 ZnO, 3.0 K2O, 2.5 CaO, 0.35 Sb2O3, 0.2 As2O3 | SiO2 | GeO2 | GeSe2 |
| Viscosity log(η, Pa·s) = A + B / (T in °C - To) |
550–1450 °C: A = -2.309 B = 3922 To = 291 |
550–1450 °C: A = -2.834 B = 6668 To = 108 |
550–1400 °C: A = -2.323 B = 3232 To = 318 |
500–690 °C: A = -35.59 B = 60930 To = -741 |
1140–2320 °C: A = -7.766 B = 27913 To = -271.7 |
515–1540 °C: A = -11.044 B = 30979 To = −837 | |
| Glass transition temperature, Tg, °C |
573 | 536 | 551 | ~540 | 1140 | 526 ± 27[3][4][5] | 395 [6] |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion, ppm/K, ~100–300 °C |
9 | 3.5 | 10 | 7 | 0.55 | 7.3 | |
| Density at 20 °C, [g/cm3], x1000 to get [kg/m3] |
2.52 | 2.235 | 2.550 | 3.86 | 2.203 | 3.65 [7] | 4.16 [6] |
| Refractive index nD[8] at 20 °C | 1.518 | 1.473 | 1.531 | 1.650 | 1.459 | 1.608 | 1.7 |
| Dispersion at 20 °C, 104×(nF - nC)[8] |
86.7 | 72.3 | 89.5 | 169 | 67.8 | 145 | |
| Young's modulus at 20 °C, GPa |
72 | 65 | 75 | 67 | 72 | 43.3 [9] | |
| Shear modulus at 20 °C, GPa |
29.8 | 28.2 | 26.8 | 31.3 | |||
| Liquidus temperature, °C |
1040 | 1070[10] | 1715 | 1115 | |||
| Heat capacity at 20 °C, J/(mol·K) |
49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 44 | 52 | |
| Surface tension, at ~1300 °C, mJ/m2 |
315 | 370 | 290 | ||||
| Chemical durability, Hydrolytic class, after ISO 719[11] |
3 | 1 | 3 |
References
edit- ^ "High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005, ISBN 1-57498-225-7
- ^ Soda–lime glass for containers is slightly different from soda–lime glass for windows (also called flat glass or float glass). Float glass has a higher magnesium oxide content as compared to container glass, and a lower silica and calcium oxide content. For further details see main article Soda–lime glass.
- ^ A.J. Leadbettera and A.C. Wright (1972). "Diffraction studies of glass structure: II. The structure of vitreous germania". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 7 (1): 37–52. Bibcode:1972JNCS....7...37L. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(72)90016-6.
- ^ M. Micoulaut; et al. (2006). "Simulated structural and thermal properties of glassy and liquid germania". Physical Review E. 73 (3): 031504. Bibcode:2006PhRvE..73c1504M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.73.031504. PMID 16605529.
- ^ 35 Tg data for GeO2 from SciGlass 6.7
- ^ a b Kotkata; El-Shair, H T; Afifi, M A; Abdel-Aziz, M M; et al. (1994). "Effect of thallium on the optical properties of amorphous GeSe2 and GeSe4 films". J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27 (3): 623–627. Bibcode:1994JPhD...27..623K. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/27/3/031. S2CID 250758878.
- ^ P. S. Salmon; et al. (2006). "Glass Fragility and Atomic Ordering on the Intermediate and Extended Range". Physical Review Letters. 96 (23): 235502. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96w5502S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.235502. PMID 16803382.
- ^ a b The subscript D indicates that the refractive index n was measured at a wavelength λ of 589.29 nm, F and C indicate 486.13 nm (blue) and 656.27 nm (red) respectively (see article Fraunhofer lines)
- ^ L. G. Hwa and W.C. Chao (2005). "Velocity of sound and elastic properties of lanthanum gallo-germanate glasses". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 94: 37–41. Bibcode:2005APS..MARU26006H. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.04.010.
- ^ Valid for glass composition, wt%: 80.7 SiO2, 13.1 B2O3, 4.1 Na2O, 2.1 Al2O3; Reference: Baak N. T. E. A. and Rapp C. F., GB Patent No. 1132885 Cl C 03 C 3/04, Abridg. Specif., 1968; Assignee: Owens-Illinois, Inc. (US).
- ^ International Organization for Standardization, Procedure 719 (1985)