Saint Lullus (Lull or Lul) (born c. 710 AD in Wessex - died 16 October 786 in Hersfeld) was the first permanent archbishop of Mainz, succeeding Saint Boniface, and first abbot of the Benedictine Hersfeld Abbey. He is historiographically considered the first official sovereign of the Electorate of Mainz.
Saint Lullus | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Statue of Saint Lullus in Bad Hersfeld | |
| Bishop | |
| Born | c. 710 Wessex |
| Died | 16 October, 786 Hersfeld Abbey |
| Venerated in | Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | 7 April 852 |
| Feast | 1 June |
Monk to archbishop
editLullus was born in Wessex around 710 AD.[1] He was a monk in the Benedictine monastery of Malmesbury Abbey in Wiltshire. It is possible that his earlier name was "Rehdgerus" (possible in a multitude of spellings including Ratkar, Hredgar, Raedgar, etc.).[2] During a pilgrimage to Rome in 737 he met Saint Boniface and decided to join him in his missionary work in northern Germany. In 738, Lullus joined the Benedictine monastery of Fritzlar, founded by Boniface in 732, where his teacher was abbot Saint Wigbert who had also come from England.
In 741, Charles Martel died, and in this year the most important phase of Boniface's career started, with Lullus as his closest assistant. Many of the biographical facts about Lullus derive from the Boniface Correspondence: he is attested as a deacon in 745-46, as Boniface's archdeacon in 746-47, and as priest in 751 though he was probably ordained before that. The correspondence evidences that Lullus was trusted enough to be Boniface's messenger (he went to Rome twice on his behalf) and this includes the secret negotiations over Boniface's successor at Mainz. Lullus exchanges letters (and gifts) with Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet and Leoba, among others; as the youngest of Boniface's associates and not yet tied to a specific place, he grew to be his closest associate. Moreover, a study by Michael Tangl, cited by Theodor Schieffer, suggests that Boniface, whose eyesight had begun to fail him early in the 740s, may have used Lullus's services in reading and writing the letters that were such an important part of his work, and Tangl suspected that Lullus likely cooperated with Boniface on some of the most important letters.[3]
King Pippin confirmed him in 753 as bishop of Mainz and in 754 he became archbishop, as Saint Boniface resigned and appointed Lullus his successor.[4][5] Lullus became the first regular archbishop of Mainz when Pope Hadrian I granted him the pallium in about 781. He then greatly expanded his bishopric by absorbing those of Büraburg (near Fritzlar) and Erfurt.
Carolingian era
editFrom 769 onward, Lullus promoted the establishment of the Carolingian style monastery of Hersfeld Abbey, which he succeeded in having placed under Charlemagne's Carolingian dynasty protection in 775.
Lullus's chief accomplishment was the completion of Saint Boniface's reform of the church in the Frankish Carolingian Empire and the successful conclusion of the Christianization of the Germans in Hesse-Thuringia.[1] But while Boniface had looked for a close link to Rome, Lullus sought a better understanding with the Frankish kings.
Lullus died on 16 October 786 in Hersfeld Abbey at Bad Hersfeld, and is buried in the church.[1]
Veneration
edit
Lullus was canonized on 7 April 852.
The Vita Lulli, written by Lampert of Hersfeld (probably between 1063 and 1073) led to Lullus being venerated as a saint[6] and becoming the main patron of the abbey along with Wigbert.
Lullusfest, the oldest folk festival in Germany, marked its 1,160th birthday in 2012. The festival celebrates the founding of the city of Bad Hersfeld. Founded more than 1,275 years ago, the city still reveres St Lullus, who left Malmesbury in the 730s on a mission to convert the German tribes to Christianity.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Saint Lullus", Athelstan Museum
- ^ Böhmer, Johann Friedrich (1877). "2. Lullus. 754 or 755-786". In Will, C. (ed.). Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium. Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erbischöfe von Bonifatius bis Uriel von Gemmingen (742?-1514). Innsbruck. pp. xiv–xv.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Schieffer, Theodor (1950). "Angelsachsen und Franken: II. Erzbischof Lul und die Anfänge des Mainzer Sprengels". Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klass (in German). 20: 1431–1539.
- ^ Mershman, Francis. "St. Boniface." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 24 Feb. 2013
- ^ "St. Boniface, Archbishop of Mentz, Apostle of Germany and Martyr", Butler's Lives of the Saints
- ^ Eine förmliche Kanonisation von Lullus fand nie statt. Die Umbettung (translatio) von 852 wird verschiedentlich falsch als Heiligsprechung interpretiert.
- ^ Robins, Tina, "Malmesbury monk celebrated in Germany's oldest folk festival", Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, 2 November 2012
Further reading
edit- Anton Philipp Brück: "Der Mainzer „Lullismus“ im 18. Jahrhundert", in: JbBistumMainz; 4, 1949, pp. 314–338.
- Michael Fleck (ed.): Lampert von Hersfeld. Das Leben des heiligen Lullus. N. G. Elwert, Marburg, 2007. ISBN 978-3-7708-1308-7
- Jakob Schmidt: "Zwei angelsächsische Heilige, St. Bonifatius und St. Lullus, als Oberhirten von Mainz", in: JbBistumMainz; 2, 1947, pp. 274–291.
- Franz Staab: "Lul und die Entwicklung vom Bistum zum Erzbistum". In: Handbuch der Mainzer Kirchengeschichte, Bd. 1 Christliche Antike und Mittelalter. Echter, Würzburg 2000, pp. 136–145 ISBN 3-429-02258-4
- Horst Dickel (1993). "Lullus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 420–423. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.
- Eckhard Freise (1987), "Lul", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 15, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 515–517; (full text online)
- Heinrich Hahn (1884), "Lul", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 19, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 632–633
- Lullus 1). In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4th edition. Volume 10, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 1001.