Wikipedia

Gangsta rap

(Redirected from Mafioso rap)
"Reality Rap" redirects here. For the album by Infamous Mobb, see Reality Rap (album).

Gangsta rap or gangster rap, initially called reality rap, is a subgenre of rap music that conveys the culture and values typical of urban gangs, reality of the world and street hustlers.[1][2][3] Emerging in the late 1980s, gangsta rap's pioneers include Schoolly D of Philadelphia and Ice-T of Los Angeles, later expanding in California with artists such as N.W.A and Tupac Shakur.[4] In 1992, via record producer and rapper Dr. Dre, rapper Snoop Dogg, and their G-funk sound, gangster rap broadened to mainstream popularity.

Gangsta rap
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins
Subgenres
Fusion genres
G-funk
Regional scenes
Other topics

Gangsta rap has been recurrently accused of promoting disorderly conduct and broad criminality, especially assault, homicide, and drug dealing, as well as misogyny, homophobia, promiscuity, and materialism.[5][6][7] Gangsta rap's defenders have variously characterized it as artistic depictions but not literal endorsements of real life in American ghettos, or suggested that some lyrics voice rage against social oppression or police brutality, and have often accused critics of hypocrisy and racial bias.[5][8] Still, gangsta rap has been assailed even by some black public figures, including Spike Lee,[9] pastor Calvin Butts and activist C. Delores Tucker.

1985–1988: Early years

edit

Schoolly D and Ice-T

edit

Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D is generally considered the first "gangsta rapper",[10][11] significantly influencing the more popular early gangsta rap originator, Ice-T.[12] Ice-T was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1958. As a teenager, he moved to Los Angeles where he rose to prominence in the West Coast hip hop scene. An early case of using "gangsta" as an adjective and a compliment came in his 1984 single Body Rock. In 1986, Ice-T released "6 in the Mornin'", which is regarded as the second gangsta rap song. Ice-T had been MCing since the early 1980s, but first turned to gangsta rap themes after being influenced by Schoolly D's self-titled debut album, and especially the song "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" (1985),[13] which is regarded as the first gangsta rap song.[12] Schoolly D had "Am I Black Enough For You" album in 1989. In an interview with PROPS magazine, Ice-T said:

Here's the exact chronological order of what really went down: The first record that came out along those lines was Schoolly D's "P.S.K." Then the syncopation of that rap was used by me when I made "6 in the Mornin'". The vocal delivery was the same: ' ... P.S.K. is makin' that green', ' ... six in the morning, police at my door'. When I heard that record I was like "Oh shit!" and call it a bite or what you will but I dug that record. My record didn't sound like P.S.K., but I liked the way he was flowing with it. P.S.K. was talking about Park Side Killers but it was very vague. That was the only difference, when Schoolly did it, it was "... one by one, I'm knockin' em out." All he did was represent a gang on his record. I took that and wrote a record about guns, beating people down and all that with "6 in the Mornin'". At the same time my single came out, Boogie Down Productions hit with Criminal Minded, which was a gangster-based album. It wasn't about messages or "You Must Learn", it was about gangsterism.[12]

In 2011, Ice-T repeated in his autobiography that Schoolly D was his inspiration for gangsta rap.[14] Ice-T continued to release gangsta albums for the remainder of the 1980s: Rhyme Pays in 1987, Power in 1988 and The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say in 1989. Ice-T's lyrics also contained strong political commentary, and often played the line between glorifying the gangsta lifestyle and criticizing it as a no-win situation.

Schoolly D's works would heavily influence not only Ice-T, but also Eazy-E and N.W.A (most notably in the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood"), as well as the Beastie Boys on their seminal hardcore hip hop-inspired album Licensed to Ill (1986).[15]

Boogie Down Productions

edit

Boogie Down Productions released their first single, "Say No Brother (Crack Attack Don't Do It)", in 1986. It was followed by "South Bronx/P is Free" and "9mm Goes Bang" in the same year. The latter is the most gangsta-themed song of the three; in it, KRS-One boasts about shooting a crack dealer and his posse to death (in self-defense).[16] The album Criminal Minded followed in 1987, and was the first rap album to have firearms on its cover. Shortly after the release of this album, BDP's DJ, Scott LaRock was shot and killed. After this, BDP's subsequent records were more focused with the inadequate rationale removed.

Other early influences

edit

The New York–based Run-DMC and LL Cool J, though originating prior to the establishment of "gangsta rap" as a cohesive genre, were influential in the formation of gangsta rap, often producing early aggressive hardcore hip hop songs and being among the first rappers to dress in gang-like street clothing. The seminal Long Island–based group Public Enemy featured aggressive, politically charged lyrics, which had an especially strong influence on gangsta rappers such as Ice Cube. The duo Eric B. & Rakim would further influence gangsta rap with aggressive, street-oriented raps, especially on the 1987 album Paid in Full.

The hip hop group Beastie Boys also influenced the gangsta rap genre with their 1986 album Licensed to Ill, with an early reference to being a "gangster" mentioned in the song "Slow Ride". In 1986, the Los Angeles–based group C.I.A. (consisting of Ice Cube, K-Dee, Sir Jinx) rapped over the Beastie Boys' tracks for songs such as "My Posse" and "Ill-Legal", and the Beastie Boys' influence can be seen significantly in N.W.A's early albums.[17] The Beastie Boys had started out as a hardcore punk band, but after introduction to producer Rick Rubin and the exit of Kate Schellenbach they became a hip hop group.[18] According to Rolling Stone Magazine, the Beastie Boys' 1986 album Licensed to Ill is "filled with enough references to guns, drugs and empty sex (including the pornographic deployment of a Wiffleball bat in "Paul Revere") to qualify as a gangsta-rap cornerstone."[19]

1988–1997: Golden age

edit

N.W.A. and Ice Cube

edit

The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton, released in 1988. Straight Outta Compton established West Coast hip hop as a vital genre, and establish Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City.[20] Straight Outta Compton sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "Fuck tha Police" earned a letter from FBI Assistant Director, Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing law enforcement's resentment of the song.[21][22] Due to the influence of Ice-T, N.W.A, and Ice Cube's early solo career, gangsta rap is often somewhat erroneously credited as being a mostly West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre and despite Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D being generally regarded as the first gangsta rapper.

In the early 1990s, former N.W.A member Ice Cube would further influence gangsta rap with his hardcore, socio-political solo albums, which suggested the potential of gangsta rap as a political medium to give voice to inner-city youth. Ice Cube's early solo albums and EPs, including AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted (1990), Death Certificate (1991), the Kill at Will EP (1991) and The Predator (1992) all contributed significantly to the development of gangsta rap. N.W.A's second album, Efil4zaggin (1991) (released after Ice Cube's departure from the group), broke ground as the first gangsta rap album to reach No. 1 on the Billboard pop charts.

Aside from N.W.A and Ice-T, Too Short (from Oakland), Kid Frost and the South Gate–based Latino group Cypress Hill were pioneering West Coast rappers with gangsta rap songs and themes. Above the Law also played an important role in the gangsta rap movement, as their 1990 debut album Livin' Like Hustlers.[23][24]

Ice-T's solo career

edit

Ice-T released one of the seminal albums of the genre, OG: Original Gangster in 1991. It also contained a song by his new thrash metal group Body Count, who released a self-titled album in 1992. Particular controversy surrounded one of its songs "Cop Killer". The rock song was intended to speak from the viewpoint of a police target seeking revenge on racist, brutal cops. Ice-T's rock song gained controversy, with observers ranging from President George H.W Bush and his Vice President Dan Quayle, the National Rifle Association of America, police organizations across the nation to various police advocacy groups.[25] Consequently, Time Warner Music refused to release Ice-T's upcoming album Home Invasion and dropped Ice-T from the label. Ice-T suggested that the furor over the song was an overreaction, telling journalist Chuck Philips "... they've done movies about nurse killers and teacher killers and student killers. Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining about that." In the same interview, Ice-T suggested to Philips that the misunderstanding of "Cop Killer", the misclassification of it as a rap song (rather than a rock song), and the attempts to censor it had racial overtones: "The Supreme Court says it's OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."[25]

Ice-T's next album, Home Invasion, was postponed as a result of the controversy, and was finally released in 1993. While it contained gangsta elements, it was his most political album to date. After a proposed censoring of the Home Invasion album cover art, he left Warner Bros. Records. Ice-T's subsequent releases went back to straightforward gangsta rap, but were not as popular as his earlier releases.

G-funk and Death Row Records

edit
Main article: G-funk

In 1992, former N.W.A member Dr. Dre released The Chronic (1992) include "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", a massive seller (eventually going triple platinum) which showed that explicit gangsta rap could hold as much mass commercial appeal as the pop-oriented rap styles of MC Hammer, the Fresh Prince and Tone Lōc. The album established the dominance of West Coast gangsta rap and Dre's new post-N.W.A label, Death Row Records (owned by Dr. Dre along with Marion "Suge" Knight), as Dre's album showcased a stable of promising new Death Row rappers. The album also popularized the subgenre of G-funk, a slow, drawled form of hip hop that dominated the rap charts for some time.

Extensively sampling P-Funk bands, especially Parliament and Funkadelic, G-funk was multi-layered, yet simple and easy to dance to. The simple message of its lyrics, that life's problems could be overcome by guns, alcohol and marijuana, endeared it to a teenage audience. The single "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" became a crossover big hit,[26] with its humorous, House Party-influenced video becoming an MTV staple despite that network's historic orientation towards rock music.

Another success was Ice Cube's Predator album, released at about the same time as The Chronic in 1992. It sold over 2 million copies and was No. 1 in the charts, propelled by the hit single "It Was a Good Day", despite the fact that Ice Cube was not a Death Row artist. One of the genre's biggest crossover stars was Dre's protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg (Doggystyle), whose exuberant, party-oriented themes made songs such as "Gin and Juice" club anthems and top hits nationwide. In 1996, 2Pac signed with Death Row and released the multi-platinum double album All Eyez on Me. Not long afterward, his murder brought gangsta rap into the national headlines and propelled his posthumous The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory album (released under the alias "Makaveli") to the top of the charts. Lill 1/2 Dead released gangsta album. Warren G and Nate Dogg were other musicians at the forefront of G-funk. Successful G-funk influenced artists also included Spice 1, MC Lyte and MC Ren, all of them reaching decent positions on the Billboard 100, or soul chart in spite of not being associated with Death Row. Ray Luv released G single "Last Nite" in 1995.

Mafioso rap

edit

Mafioso rap is a hardcore hip hop subgenre founded by Kool G Rap in the late 1980s.[27] East Coast mafioso rap was partially the counterpart of West Coast G-funk rap. Mafioso rap is characterized by references to famous mobsters and mafiosi, racketeering and organized crime (particularly the Sicilian Mafia, the Italian-American Mafia, African-American organized crime, and Latin American organized crime or drug cartels) or has subject matter that would relate to the mafia. Though a significant amount of mafioso rap was grittier and more street-oriented, focusing on street-level organized crime, other mafioso rap artists frequently focused on lavish, self-indulgent, materialistic, and luxurious subject matter associated with crime bosses and high-level mobsters, such as expensive drugs, cars, and champagne. Though the genre died down for several years, it re-emerged in 1995 when Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon released his critically acclaimed solo album, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...[28] That year also saw the release of Doe or Die by AZ and the release of the album 4,5,6 by subgenre originator Kool G Rap. His album featured other mafioso rap artists, including MF Grimm, Nas, and B-1. These three albums brought the genre to mainstream recognition, and inspired other East Coast rappers, such as Jay-Z, Notorious B.I.G., Nas, and Diddy to adopt the same themes with their albums Reasonable Doubt, Life After Death, It Was Written, and No Way Out, respectively.

East Coast gangsta rap was popular by the late 1990s, and there were more modern mafioso rap albums such as Ghostface Killah's Fishscale, Jay-Z's American Gangster, Raekwon's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II, Lil Wayne's Tha Carter II, and Rick Ross's Deeper Than Rap. Many rappers, such as Conejo, Mr Criminal, T.I., Fabolous, Jadakiss, Jim Jones, and Cassidy have maintained popularity with lyrics about African-American organized crime or "hustling". Lil' Kim's mafioso album La Bella Mafia, released in 2003, was a commercial success, receiving platinum certification.[29]

East Coast hardcore hip hop and the East Coast–West Coast feud

edit

Meanwhile, rappers from New York City, such as Wu-Tang Clan, Black Moon and Boot Camp Clik, Onyx, Big L, Mobb Deep, Nas, the Notorious B.I.G., DMX and the Lox, among others, pioneered a grittier sound known as hardcore hip hop. In 1994, both Nas and the Notorious B.I.G. released their debut albums Illmatic (April 19) and Ready to Die (September 13) respectively, which paved the way for New York City to take back dominance from the West Coast. In an interview for The Independent in 1994, the Wu-Tang Clan's GZA commented on the term "gangsta rap" and its association with his group's music and hip hop at the time:

Our music is not "gangsta rap". There's no such thing. The label was created by the media to limit what we can say. We just deliver the truth in a brutal fashion. The young black male is a target. Snoop (Doggy Dogg) has gone four times platinum and makes more money than the president. They don't like that, so you hear "ban this, ban that". We attack people's emotions. It's a real live show that brings out the inside in people. Like I said, intense.[30]

— GZA

It is widely speculated[by whom?] that the ensuing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry between Death Row Records and Bad Boy Records resulted in the deaths of Death Row Records' 2Pac and Bad Boy Records' the Notorious B.I.G.. Even before the murders, Death Row had begun to unravel, as co-founder Dr. Dre had left earlier in 1996; in the aftermath of 2Pac's death, label owner Suge Knight was sentenced to prison for a parole violation, and Death Row proceeded to sink quickly as most of its remaining artists, including Snoop Dogg, left. Dr. Dre, at the MTV Video Music Awards, claimed that "gangsta rap was dead". While Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Entertainment fared better than its West Coast rival, it eventually began to lose popularity and support by the end of the decade, due to its pursuit of a more mainstream sound, as well as challenges from Atlanta and New Orleans–based labels, especially, Master P's No Limit stable of popular rappers.

Southern and Midwestern gangsta rap

edit

Houston first came on to the national scene in the late 1980s with the violent and disturbing stories told by the Geto Boys(hit single "Mind Playing Tricks On Me"), with member Scarface achieving major solo success in the mid-1990s. After the deaths of Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G. and the media attention surrounding them, gangsta rap became an even greater commercial force. However, most of the industry's major labels were in turmoil, bankrupt, or creatively stagnant, and new labels representing the rap scenes in new locations sprang up.

Master P's No Limit Records label, based out of New Orleans, became quite popular in the late 1990s, though critical success was very scarce, with the exceptions of some later additions like Mystikal (Ghetto Fabulous, 1998). No Limit had begun its rise to national popularity with Master P's The Ghetto Is Trying to Kill Me! (1994), and had major hits with Silkk the Shocker (Charge It 2 Da Game, 1998) and C-Murder (Life or Death, 1998). No Limit released Mia X, Mr. Serv-On and TRU albums also. Cash Money Records, also based out of New Orleans, had enormous commercial success with Juvenile, B.G., Hot Boys, beginning in the late 1990s with a similar gangsta rap style like No Limit.[31]

Memphis collective Hypnotize Minds, led by Three 6 Mafia and Project Pat, have taken gangsta rap to some of its darker extremes. Led by in-house producers DJ Paul and Juicy J, the label became known for its pulsating, menacing beats and uncompromisingly thuggish lyrics. However, in the mid-2000s, the group began attaining more mainstream popularity, eventually culminating in the Three 6 Mafia winning an Academy Award for the song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow.

The chopped and screwed genre was developed in Houston, Texas, the location which is still most associated with the style. DJ Screw is credited with the creation of and early experimentation with the genre.[32] DJ Screw began making mixtapes of the slowed-down music in the early 1990s and began the Screwed Up Click. This provided a significant outlet for MCs in the South-Houston area, and helped local rappers such as Willie D, Big Moe, Lil' Flip, E.S.G., UGK, Lil' Keke, South Park Mexican, and Z-Ro gain regional and sometimes national prominence.

Narco-rap

edit

Narco-rap is a music scene, similar to the early underground gangsta rap scene, that emerged in north-eastern Mexico and southern Texas. Its lyrical content, popular among Latino youth, is violent and focuses on the power of drug cartels and the gruesomeness of the Mexican drug war. Narco-rap emerged in the urban areas of Tamaulipas, a Mexican state currently subject to a turf war between Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel. Narco-rappers sing about the life of mobsters and the reality of the cities under the cartel's rule. Some of the key players of the genre are Cano y Blunt, DemenT and Big Los.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

1997–2007: Bling era/crunk

edit

Before the late 1990s, gangsta rap, while a huge-selling genre, had been regarded as well outside of the pop mainstream, committed to representing the experience of the inner-city and not "selling out" to the pop charts. However, the rise of Bad Boy Records, propelled by the massive crossover success of Bad Boy head Sean "Puffy" Combs's 1997 ensemble album, No Way Out, on the heels of the media attention generated by the murders of Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G., signaled a major stylistic change in gangsta rap (or as it is referred to on the East Coast, hardcore rap), as it morphed into a new subgenre of hip hop which would become even more commercially successful and popularly accepted. Gangsta Boo, Gangsta Blac, and Ghetto Twinz released Gangsta rap albums.

The earlier, somewhat controversial crossover success enjoyed by popular gangsta rap songs like "Gin and Juice" gave way to gangsta rap's becoming a widely accepted staple on the pop charts in the late 1990s. R&B-styled hooks and samples of well-known soul and pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s were the staples of this sound, which was showcased primarily in Sean "Puffy" Combs's latter-day production work for The Notorious B.I.G. ("Mo Money, Mo Problems"), Mase ("Feels So Good") and non-Bad Boy artists such as Jay-Z ("Can I Get A...") and Nas ("Street Dreams"), which he sampled from 2Pac's song (All Eyez On Me). Also achieving similar levels of success with a similar sound at the same time as Bad Boy was Master P and his No Limit label in New Orleans, as well as the New Orleans upstart Cash Money label.[40] Three 6 Mafia, Lil Jon, Pitbull, and Crime Mob released "crunk" CDs.

By the turn of the century, the style of gangsta rap pioneered by N.W.A. had long given way to materialism regarding money, women and cars.[41][42] Gangsta rap was hugely popular in the mainstream during the mid-2000s, propelled by 50 Cent's influential Get Rich or Die Tryin' album, which contained "catchy" and melodic music that helped its success on pop charts,[43][44] while rapping about themes of guns and wealth.[45]

2007–2012: Kanye vs. 50 Cent battle, mainstream decline

edit

By the late 2000s, alternative hip hop had secured its place within the mainstream, due in part to the declining commercial viability of gangsta rap. Industry observers view the sales race between Kanye West's Graduation and 50 Cent's Curtis, both released on September 11, 2007, as a turning point for hip hop.[46] Kanye West emerged the victor, selling nearly a million copies in the first week alone, proving that innovative rap music could be just as commercially viable as gangsta rap, if not more so.[47] Cyhi the Prynce called it the "biggest shift in our culture" and that it led to the sound of new rappers like Drake.[48] Although he designed it as a melancholic pop album rather than a rap album, West's subsequent release 808s & Heartbreak would have a significant effect on hip hop music. While his decision to sing about love, loneliness, and heartache for the entirety of the album was at first heavily criticized by music audiences and the album was predicted to be a flop, its subsequent critical acclaim and commercial success encouraged other mainstream rappers to take greater creative risks with their music.[49][50]

During the release of The Blueprint 3, New York rap mogul Jay-Z revealed that next studio album would be an experimental effort, stating, "... it's not gonna be a #1 album. That's where I'm at right now. I wanna make the most experimental album I ever made."[51] Jay-Z elaborated that like Kanye, he was unsatisfied with contemporary hip hop, was being inspired by indie-rockers like Grizzly Bear, and asserted his belief that the indie rock movement would play an important role in the continued evolution of hip-hop.[52]

Since 2012: Rise of drill, trap, chicano rap

edit
Further information: Drill music and trap music

In the 2010s, a new form of gangsta rap known as drill emerged from the Midwest, gaining popularity via rappers such as Lil Durk, Chief Keef, Lil Reese, King Von, Polo G and G Herbo. West Coast rapper Vince Staples is part of the new generation of rappers that is influenced by G-funk.[53] Vince Staples' conscious rap album Summertime '06 (2015) reflects the "challenges of racism, injustice, and violent fallouts in his childhood neighborhood".[54] T.I, Rick Ross, Future, and Gucci Mane released new rap style "trap" CDs.

Charlie Row Campo released "Stop Studio Gangstas" album.[55] Other Afroamerican and Chicano gangsta rappers who gained small success or big success include XXXTentacion, Kendrick Lamar, Ms Krazie,[56] Knight Owl,[57] Chino Grande, Lil Rob, Mr. Criminal,[58] Mr. Capone-E, Mr. Sancho,[59] ShooterGang Kony, Mozzy, YNW Melly, Pusha T, Nsanity,[60] Jeezy (Young Jeezy), YG, Nipsey Hussle, Migos, Freddie Gibbs, Meek Mill, A$AP Mob, Jay Rock, ScHoolboy Q, 21 Savage, Kodak Black[61] 6ix9ine,[62] Blueface, NBA Youngboy, NLE Choppa, Pop Smoke, Young Dolph and BlocBoy JB.

Gangsta rap's pioneers have met success in other forms of pop culture as well. In 2016, N.W.A was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[63] They were followed up by the late Tupac Shakur in 2017 who was inducted as the first solo hip hop act, under his first year of eligibility as a nominee.[64][65] Other Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Hip-Hop Acts include the 2007 induction of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, who are considered pioneers of expanding the sound of Hip-Hop from disco inspired partying, to street reality that inspired social change.[66][67] The 2009 induction of Run-DMC to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened the door for more Hip-Hop inductions, as they were followed up by the 2012 induction of Beastie Boys, and the 2013 induction of Public Enemy.[68][69][70]

Criticism and debate

edit

The explicit nature of gangsta rap's lyrics has made it heavily controversial. There is also debate about the causation between gangsta rap and violent behavior. A study by the Prevention Research Center of the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Berkeley, Calif., finds young people who listen to rap and hip-hop are more likely to abuse alcohol and commit violent acts.[71]

Critics of gangsta rap hold that it glorifies and encourages criminal behavior, and may be at least partially to blame for the existence of street gangs.[72] Those who are supportive or at least less critical of gangsta rap hold that crime on the street level is for the most part a reaction to poverty and that gangsta rap reflects the reality of lower class life. Many believe that the blaming of crime on gangsta rap is a form of unwarranted moral panic; The World Development Report 2011, for instance, confirmed that most street gang members maintain that poverty and unemployment is what drove them to crime; none made reference to music.[73] Ice Cube famously satirized the blame placed on gangsta rap for social ills in his song "Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It". Many gangsta rappers maintain they are playing a "role" in their music like an actor in a play or film, and do not encourage the behavior in their music.[74]

Moreover, English scholar Ronald A.T. Judy has argued that gangsta rap reflects the experience of blackness at the end of political economy, when capital is no longer wholly produced by human labor but in a globalized system of commodities.[75] In this economy, gangsta rap traffics blackness as a commodifiable effect of "being a nigga".[76] In other words, gangsta rap defines the experience of blackness, in which he locates in gangsta rap's deployment of the word "nigga", in this new global economic system as "adaptation to the force of commodification".[77] For Judy, nigga (and gangsta rap) becomes an epistemologically authentic category for describing the condition of being black in the modern "realm of things".

Despite this, many who hold that gangsta rap is not responsible for social ills are critical of the way many gangsta rappers intentionally exaggerate their criminal pasts for the sake of street credibility. Rick Ross[78] and Slim Jesus[74] among others have been heavily criticized for this.

Hip-Hop Minister Conrad Tillard

edit

In the 1990s and early 2000s, Nation of Islam Minister Conrad Tillard, known as the "Hip-Hop Minister," was an outspoken critic of hip hop lyrics that he perceived as degrading and dangerous to Blacks.[79][80][81][82][83][84] He said such lyrics suggested "that we are penny-chasing, Champagne-drinking, gold-teeth-wearing, modern-day Sambos, pimps and players."[85] He criticized hip-hop lyrics that portrayed American black communities as degenerate. He believed that in seeking to emulate the lyrics in gangsta rap, young Black Americans became victims of mass incarceration, violence, sexual exploitation, and drug crime.[79]

In the 1990s, he started an organization called A Movement for C.H.H.A.N.G.E. ("Conscious Hip Hop Activism Necessary for Global Empowerment"), to advocate for "conscious hip hop activism".[86][87][88]

After the drive-by shooting murder of rapper Tupac Shakur in 1996, Tillard organized a "Day of Atonement" event to advocate against violent themes in hip-hop music, to promote unity, and to celebrate Shakur's life.[79] He invited rap group A Tribe Called Quest, Chuck D with Public Enemy, Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa, model Bethann Hardison, actor Malik Yoba, Bad Boy Records president Sean Combs, and rapper the Notorious B.I.G. There were an estimated 2,000 attendees.[79][89][90]

Tillard also criticized the Reverend Al Sharpton and other civil rights leaders, calling them "hired guns" for not condemning rappers Sean Combs or Shyne Barrows.[91] He also criticized the businessmen who supported that approach. He feuded with Def Jam founder Russell Simmons in 2001, accusing him of stoking violence by allowing the frequent use of words such as "nigga" and "bitch" in rap lyrics.[92][85][93] Tillard organized a summit in Harlem over what he perceived as negative imagery in hip hop. Def Jam Recordings founder Russell Simmons organized a counter-summit, urging the public not to "support open and aggressive critics of the hip-hop community".[80][94]

2Pacalypse Now controversy

edit

In 1992, then-U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle blasted the recording industry for producing rap music he believed led to violence. Quayle called on Time Warner Inc. subsidiary, Interscope Records, to withdraw Tupac Shakur's 1991 debut album 2Pacalypse Now from stores. Quayle stated, "There is absolutely no reason for a record like this to be published—It has no place in our society." Quayle's motivation came in light of the murder of a Texas state trooper Bill Davidson, who had been shot by Ronald Ray Howard after he had been pulled over. Howard was driving a stolen vehicle while songs from 2Pacalypse Now were playing on the tape deck when he was stopped by the officer. The family of Davidson filed a civil suit against Shakur and Interscope Records, claiming the record's violent lyrics incite "imminent lawless action".[95] District Judge John D. Rainey held that Shakur and the record companies did not have the duty to prevent distributing his music when they could not reasonably foresee violence arising from the distribution, nor was there any intent for the usage of the music as a "product for purposes of recovery under a products liability theory". Judge Rainey concluded the suit by ruling the Davidsons' argument that the music was unprotected speech under the First Amendment was irrelevant.

C. Delores Tucker

edit

Politicians such as C. Delores Tucker have cited concerns with sexually explicit and misogynistic lyrics featured in hip-hop tracks. Tucker claimed the explicit lyrics used in hip-hop songs were threatening to the African-American community. Tucker, who once was the highest-ranking African American woman in the Pennsylvania state government, focused on rap music in 1993, labeling it as "pornographic filth" and claiming it was offensive and demeaning to black women. Tucker stated, "You can't listen to all that language and filth without it affecting you." Tucker also handed out leaflets containing lyrics from rap music and urged people to read them aloud. She picketed stores that sold the music and handed out petitions. She then proceeded to buy stock in Time Warner, Sony and other companies for the sole purpose to protest rap music at shareholders meetings. In 1994, Tucker protested when the NAACP nominated rapper Tupac Shakur for one of its image awards as Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture from his role in Poetic Justice.

Some rappers labeled her "narrow-minded", and some ridiculed her in their lyrics, notably Shakur, who mentions her multiple times in his diamond certified 1996 album All Eyez On Me. Shakur mentions Tucker in the tracks "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch" and "How Do U Want It", where Shakur raps "Delores Tucker, you's a motherfucker/Instead of trying to help a nigga you destroy a brother." Tucker filed a $10 million lawsuit against Shakur's estate for the comments made in both songs. In her lawsuit, she claimed that the comments were slanderous, caused her emotional distress and invaded her personal privacy. The case was eventually dismissed. Shakur was not the only rap artist to mention her in his songs, as Jay-Z, Eminem, Lil' Kim, the Game and Lil Wayne have all previously criticized Tucker for her opposition of the genre.[96][97][98][99]

First Amendment rights

edit

Gangsta rap has also raised questions of whether it is protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, since lyrics may express violence and may be considered true threats. The Supreme Court ruled in Elonis v. United States (2015) that mens rea, the intent to commit a crime, is necessary to convict someone of a crime for using threatening words in a rap song.

In a notable case, rapper Jamal Knox, performing as "Mayhem Mal", wrote a gangsta rap song named "F*** the Police" shortly after he was arrested for gun and drug charges in Pittsburgh.[100] The song's lyrics specifically named the two arresting officers, and included explicit violent threats including "Let's kill these cops cuz they don't do us no good". One of the officers, believing to be threatened, subsequently left the force.

Knox was convicted of making terroristic threats and of witness intimidation in a bench trial, and the conviction was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which held that the song's lyrics amounted to a true threat.[100][101] Knox petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the case, and academics joined rappers Killer Mike, Chance the Rapper, Meek Mill, Yo Gotti, Fat Joe and 21 Savage in an amicus curiae brief arguing that Knox's song should be seen as a political statement and thus is protected speech.[102] The Supreme Court declined review in April 2019.[103][104][105]

International influence

edit

German gangsta-rap

edit
Main article: German hip hop

The gangsta-rap movement in Germany derived its roots from the 1990s; since 2003–2004, it has become a successful subgenre of German hip hop. Contextually and musically, it borrows its influences from the French and US-based gangsta rap and battle rap. Although there is a certain correlation between street-rap and gangsta-rap, gangsta-rap is not considered as a derivative genre since it is only partially related to street-rap and has contextually little to do with the other subgenre.[106]

History

edit

Pioneers of the subgenre gangsta-rap, who have been active since the 1990s, are Kool Savas and Azad. Within the genre, they implemented an incredibly explicit, broken and aggressive text, that originally still had much influence from English text elements.[107] This style of rap, after the turn of the century, was implemented by the majority of gangsta-rappers in Germany and is, therefore, a very well respected form on the approach of German gangsta-rap. On the other hand, Savas distanced himself from these vulgar and explicit texts.[108] One of the founding fathers of German gangsta-rap, Charnell, the little-known rapper and martial-arts artist, thematized growing up in the midst of a social renaissance.[109] Gangsta-rap in other countries, that resembled the music of the Rödelheim Hartreim Projekt in Germany, was commercially successful in the 2000s. Germany at the time, however, had few rappers active in this subgenre; allowing certain artists in the Berlin underground-hip-hop scene an opportunity to establish themselves with their lyrics representing a certain hardship acquired through the criminal lifestyle which had previously been popularized. Recognizable names from the underground scene are Bass Sultan Hengzt, Fler, MC Bogy or MOK. Another notable rapper and pioneer of gangsta-rap in Germany is Azad. Although he came from the rural Frankfurt am Main, he was a big reason this subgenre became popular in Germany. In his lyrical text, he thematized the rigid and rough lifestyle of living in the northwest district of Frankfurt.[110]

At the beginning of 2003, the process of commercialization of this subgenre began. Contrary to popular belief, a variable of the German gangsta-rap became popular before the actual subgenre itself did. When Sido, a notoriously known rapper from Berlin, released his album Maske which thematized gangs, drugs and violence, this album became the first of its genre to sell 100,000 copies. Following that album Sido released another two named Ich and Ich und meine Maske which both had over 100,000 sold copies and emphasized the success of his first album.[111][112][113]

Following the success of Sido and his albums, Bushido became the next artist to emerge from the German gangsta-rap scene. He established himself a career and became the most important representative of German gangsta-rap of his time. Aggro Berlin, the label those two artists were both represented by, stated that this version of rap was the second, more aggressive evolution of German hip-hop.[114] Bushido's albums Carlo Cokxxx Nutten with Fler and Bushido's debut album Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline had relatively little success although the prominent topics on his album reflected directly with the themes that made Sido popular.[115][116]

Following the continuous success of Sido and Bushido came a wave of rappers who were trying, with the help of major-labels, to establish themselves and be recognized by the populace. Eventually came Massiv, who was signed with Sony BMG, and was crowned by his label to be the German 50 Cent. This artist did not reach the success of 50 Cent.[117] Further artists such as Baba Saad or Kollegah have since then established themselves as relatively successful in the German charts. As of recently, names such as Farid Bang, Nate57, Majoe & Jasko and Haftbefehl have appeared on the charts regularly.

Road rap

edit
Main article: British hip hop

Road rap (also known as British gangsta rap or simply UK rap) is a genre of music pioneered in South London, primarily in Brixton and Peckham.[118][119] The genre was pioneered by groups such as PDC, SMS, SN1, North Star, MashTown, U.S.G. and artists such as Giggs, K Koke, Nines and Sneakbo.[120][121] The genre came to the fore as a backlash against the perceived commercialisation of grime in the mid-late 2000s in London.[122] The genre came to prominence around 2007 with the rise of Giggs.[121] Road rap retained the explicit depictions of violence and British gang culture found in some early grime music and combines it with a musical style more similar to American gangsta rap than the sound system influenced music of grime, dubstep, UK garage, jungle, reggae and dub.[123]

Gangs played a large part in the genre, with gangs such as the Peckham Boys (with its various sets such as SN1, PYG and OPB), based in Peckham and GAS Gang, based in Brixton, becoming notable in the road rap scene during the 2000s.[88][124][118]

The road rap scene centres around mixtape releases and YouTube videos with some of the genres more popular acts getting mainstream recognition.[122] The genre has been criticised for the relentless nihilism and violence in its lyrics as well as its links to gangs and gun crime with many rappers serving prison sentences.[123][125][126] In keeping with grime, road rap has suffered from pre-emptive policing with Giggs claiming that the Metropolitan Police have set out to deny him the opportunity to make a living from music having banned him from touring.[127] In 2011, Stigs was served the first ever gang injunction that banned him from rapping about anything that may encourage violence.[128]

In the early 2010s, the American genre drill began to emerge in the UK, pushed by groups such as 150, 67 and Section Boyz.[129] UK drill has been referred to as subgenre of road rap due to the influence it has had on the genre.[130][131][132] Road rap also went on to influence afroswing, which emerged in the mid-2010s.[133]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Krims, Adam (2000). Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780521634472.
  2. ^ James C. Howell, The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015), pp 82–85.
  3. ^ *Gangs and Gang Crime (2008) Michael Newton
  4. ^ "Gangsta Rap – What Is Gangsta Rap". Rap.about.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "COVER STORY : The Uncivil War : The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  6. ^ Addae, David; Abakah, Ellen (July 1, 2024). "Unblurring the lines: Exploring the images of women in Ghanaian rap music". Women's Studies International Forum. 105: 102914. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102914. ISSN 0277-5395.
  7. ^ Dunbar, Adam; Kubrin, Charis E.; Scurich, Nicholas (2016). "The threatening nature of "rap" music". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 22 (3): 280–292. doi:10.1037/law0000093. ISSN 1939-1528.
  8. ^ "Cam'ron on The O'Reilly Factor". YouTube. January 27, 2006. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  9. ^ Spike Lee's satirical film Bamboozled likens gangsta rap to minstrel shows and blackface.
  10. ^ Balfour, Jay (December 3, 2015). "Schoolly D Reflects on Creating Gangsta Rap With 'P.S.K.' on Its 30th Anniversary". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  11. ^ "gangsta rap | hip-hop music | Britannica". www.britannica.com. April 6, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c "Ice T Interview". Daveyd.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  13. ^ "All Movie Guide: Schoolly D". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  14. ^ Ice: A Memoir of Gangster Life and Redemption—from South Central to Hollywood, Chapter 8: Six in the Mornin', One World, New York, 2011
  15. ^ Hess, Mickey (2009). Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313343216.
  16. ^ "The Original Hip-Hop (Rap) Lyrics Archive". Ohhla.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  17. ^ Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop, Won't Stop: The History of the Hip Hop Generation
  18. ^ Rude Boys Archived March 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Amos Barshad, New York magazine 2011 5, retr 2012 Oct
  19. ^ The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Fourth Edition
  20. ^ Kory Grow, "N.W.A's 'Straight Outta Compton': 12 things you didn't know", Rolling Stone website Retrieved 10 May 2023
  21. ^ Ritchie, Ryan (February 28, 2007). "Eazy to be hard". Presstelegram.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  22. ^ Deflem, Mathieu. 2020. "Popular Culture and Social Control: The Moral Panic on Music Labeling." Archived August 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Criminal Justice 45(1):2–24 (First published online July 24, 2019).
  23. ^ "TrouserPress.com :: Above the Law". www.trouserpress.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2004. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  24. ^ "The Quietus | Features | Anniversary | Is Above The Law's Livin' Like Hustlers The Best Gangsta Rap Album?". The Quietus. March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  25. ^ a b Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "Cover Story : 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.' : A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the "Cop Killer" furor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  26. ^ Anderson, Errol (January 11, 2013). "Classic Albums: Dr Dre - The Chronic". Clash. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  27. ^ "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx – Raekwon". Allmusic.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  28. ^ Ma, David. Cuban Linx Revisited (page 1) Archived December 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Wax Poetics. Retrieved 20 April 2021
  29. ^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – March 03, 2015". Riaa.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  30. ^ Lewis, Angela. On Pop: Life & Style Archived December 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
  31. ^ Jan Blumentrath. "Interview with BRYAN "BIRDMAN" WILLIAMS, co-owner of Cash Money Records – Feb 6, 2012". HitQuarters. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  32. ^ Cheng, Briana. "10 CHOPPED AND SCREWED SONGS THAT NEVER GET OLD". Pigeons and Planes. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  33. ^ "En Tamaulipas los narcos disparan a ritmo de rap – VICE – México". Vice.com. June 13, 2012.
  34. ^ "El narco-rap, la banda sonora del horror en Reynosa". Archived from the original on January 31, 2016.
  35. ^ Chaparro, Luis. "Se suman los raperos norteamericanos a la 'ola narco'". Diario.mx.
  36. ^ "McALLEN: 'Reynosa la Maldosa'". Elnuevoheraldo.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  37. ^ "Borderland Beat: US Rappers Dedicate Their Songs to Mexican Drug Lords". Borderlandbeat.com.
  38. ^ "Mexico's Narco Rappers Are Here to Stay – VICE – United Kingdom". Vice.com. June 18, 2012.
  39. ^ "Voy a morir porque creen que soy un Zeta". Nuestraaparenterendicion.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016.
  40. ^ Lilah, Rose (August 1, 2016). "Rockstar Souljah Boy mixtape". Hotnewhiphop. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  41. ^ Woods, Aleia WoodsAleia (November 10, 2020). "50 Cent Calls Out T.I.: "What Hood You From Again?"". XXL Mag. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  42. ^ Lavin, Will "ill Will" (October 1, 2013). "Hip Hop Heroes: Rap's New Millenium". uDiscover Music. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  43. ^ Doherty, Kelly (February 7, 2023). "50 Cent is selling signed vinyl copies of Get Rich Or Die Tryin'". The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  44. ^ III, William E. Ketchum (February 6, 2018). "The Villain Everyone Loved: How 50 Cent's 'Get Rich or Die Tryin' Made Him a Rap God 15 Years Ago". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  45. ^ https://www.portugalresident.com/50-cent-a-real-bargain/ [bare URL]
  46. ^ Callahan-Bever, Noah. "The Day Kanye West Killed Gangsta Rap". Complex. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  47. ^ Sexton, Paul (September 17, 2007). "Kanye Defeats 50 Cent On U.K. Album Chart". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  48. ^ "50 Cent once bet his entire career in a bitter chart battle with Kanye West". UNILAD. September 12, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  49. ^ Reid, Shaheem (October 3, 2008). "Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday". MTV. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  50. ^ "Urban Review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak". The Observer. London. November 9, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  51. ^ Kash, Tim; Reid, Shaheem; Rodriguez, Jayson (September 3, 2009). "Exclusive: Jay-Z's Next LP Will Be 'The Most Experimental I Ever Made'". MTV. Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  52. ^ Kash, Tim; Montgomery, James (September 3, 2009). "Jay-Z Hopes Bands Like Grizzly Bear Will 'Push Hip-Hop'". MTV. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  53. ^ Pierre, Alphonse. "Vince Staples: FM!". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  54. ^ Martin, Michel; Greenstone, Scott. "Vince Staples: 'We Live In A Space Where Your Name Isn't Enough'". NPR. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  55. ^ Charlie Row Campo AllMusic. 25 May 2024
  56. ^ Ms Krazie AllMusic Retrieved 15 May 2023
  57. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Knightowl – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  58. ^ Mr. Criminal Retrieved 15 May 2023
  59. ^ Mr.Sancho AllMusic. Retrieved 27 June 2023
  60. ^ Nsanity Retrieved 12 May 2023
  61. ^ Findlay, Mitch (May 24, 2021). "Kodak Black Announces 'Happy Birthday Kodak' Release Date". HotNewHipHop. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  62. ^ Edelman, Susan (August 17, 2019). "Gangsta rapper Tekashi 6ix9ine sparks cash-grabbing frenzy at Brooklyn school". New York Post. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  63. ^ "N.W.A". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  64. ^ "Tupac Shakur". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  65. ^ "Tupac Shakur to Be Inducted Into 2017 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – XXL". XXL Mag. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  66. ^ "Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  67. ^ "'The Message' is the Most "New York" Song of All Time". Culturecreature.com. June 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  68. ^ "Run-D.M.C." Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  69. ^ "Beastie Boys". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  70. ^ "Public Enemy". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  71. ^ "Study: Rap Music Linked to Alcohol, Violence". NPR. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  72. ^ "Is Gangsta Rap Hurting America's Children? – Fox News". Fox News. November 14, 2003. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  73. ^ "Conflict, Security, and Development" (PDF). Siteresources.worldbank.org. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  74. ^ a b "Slim Jesus' New Video "Drill Time" Is Being Hilariously Destroyed by the Internet". Mic.com. September 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  75. ^ Judy, 1994, p. 211-230.
  76. ^ Judy, 1994, 227.
  77. ^ Judy, 1994, 229.
  78. ^ "Rick Ross Admits Correctional Officer Past". Hiphopdx.com. October 7, 2008. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  79. ^ a b c d Trumaine W. Mitchell (June 16, 2020). "The Underclass Culture Wars: Underclass Ideology And Neoliberalism In The Era Of Gangsta Rap Censorship, 1993–2000," Theses and Dissertations.
  80. ^ a b David M. Newman, Jodi O'Brien (2008). Sociology; Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Readings.
  81. ^ Paul DeBenedetto (May 23, 2013). "Former "Hip-Hop Minister" Continues Evolution With City Council Run". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  82. ^ Rahiel Tesfamariam (March 15, 2013). "Superman isn't coming: Grassroots efforts to end urban violence," The Washington Post.
  83. ^ "Conrad Tillard – From hip hop minister to community reverend". New York Amsterdam News. April 12, 2011.
  84. ^ Conrad B. Tillard Sr. (August 19, 2022). "From The Hip-Hop Minister to The State Senator: I Have Grown But Kept My Integrity!". New York Amsterdam News.
  85. ^ a b Feuer, Alan (June 16, 2003). "Keeping the Faith, Differently; A Harlem Firebrand Quietly Returns to Christianity". The New York Times.
  86. ^ Manning Marable (2002). The great wells of democracy: the meaning of race in American life
  87. ^ Brown, Ann (August 17, 2022). "New York City Mayor Cop Eric Adams Endorses Conrad Tillard For State Senator, Cites 30 Years of Community Activism". Moguldom.
  88. ^ a b Peter, Noel (September 1, 1998). "Escape from the Nation of Islam". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 19, 2002.
  89. ^ Tupac; A Thug Life, Plexus Publishing Limited, 2019.
  90. ^ "The Notorious B.I.G.-summit". The New York Daily News.
  91. ^ Peter Noel (January 9, 2001). "Taking the Rap". The Village Voice.
  92. ^ "Will "Hiphop Minister" Conrad Muhammad Go from N.O.I. to G.O.P.?". New York Press. February 16, 2015.
  93. ^ Yvonne Bynoe (2006). Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-hop Culture
  94. ^ George, Robert (May 8, 2001). "THE NEW HIP-HOP FEUD: BATTLE LINES ARE BEING DRAWN IN THE EFFORT TO CLEAN UP RAP". The New York Post. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  95. ^ Broder, John (September 23, 1992). "Quayle Calls for Pulling Rap Album Tied to Murder Case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  96. ^ Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (October 13, 2005). "C. Delores Tucker Dies at 78; Rights and Anti-Rap Activist". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  97. ^ "Gold & Platinum". Riaa.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  98. ^ "Rap Villains: 12 People Hip-Hop Fans HateC. Delores Tucker". Complex.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  99. ^ "SPINOFF: Hip-Hop Artists vs C. Dolores Tucker". Lipstickalley.com. September 8, 2016.
  100. ^ a b Note (2019). "Recent Case: Pennsylvania Supreme Court Finds Rap Song a True Threat" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 132: 1558. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2020.
  101. ^ Commonwealth v. Knox, 190 A.3d 1146 (Pa. 2018).
  102. ^ Liptak, Adam (March 6, 2019). "Hip-Hop Artists Give the Supreme Court a Primer on Rap Music". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  103. ^ de Vogue, Adrian (April 15, 2019). "Supreme Court declines to take up First Amendment case brought by rap artist". CNN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  104. ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C. (March 19, 2019). "Hip-hop wants Supreme Court to rule, again, on when threatening to kill constitutes art". CNN. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  105. ^ "Knox v. Pennsylvania". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  106. ^ "Von Messerstechern Zu Moral Aposteln Der Wandel Des Strassenraps Teil IV". June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  107. ^ Dietrich, Marc; Seeliger, Martin ( (March 1, 2014). Deutscher Gangsta-Rap: Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Beiträge zu einem Pop-Phänomen). transcript Verlag. p. 48. ISBN 978-3-8376-3750-2.
  108. ^ Bunker, Royal (October 3, 2017). "Savas & Sido: Deutscher Rap ohne Schnörkel". Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  109. ^ Goldenera, Sven (February 5, 2017). "Deutschrap Classics: 4 4 Da Mess – Mein Leben (1997)". Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  110. ^ Gernert, Johannes (April 29, 2008). "Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß". Archived from the original on February 17, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  111. ^ e. "Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß". Retrieved December 4, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  112. ^ Oehmke, Philipp (March 23, 2009). "Ein Monster lernt zu lieben". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  113. ^ Schneider, Markus (June 8, 2008). "Den Faxen entwachsen". Spiegel.de. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  114. ^ Wittman, Martin (July 21, 2007). "Übelst tolerant". Faz.net. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  115. ^ "Bushido – laut.de – Band". Laut.de. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  116. ^ Johannesberg, Stefan (August 14, 2003). "Vom Bordstein Bis Zur Skyline". Laut.de. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  117. ^ Gebauer, Matthias (January 15, 2008). "Schüsse auf Massiv wurden Minuten später im Internet vermeldet". Retrieved December 4, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  118. ^ a b Bassil, Ryan; Garcia, Francisco (November 13, 2018). "Tiny Boost Is Rapping for All the Streets and the People in Them". Vice. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  119. ^ aidanbnsn (May 27, 2015). "20 Essential Road Rap Tracks". FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  120. ^ "Grime / Dubstep". Pitchfork. November 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  121. ^ a b "7 Mixtapes That Laid UK Rap's Foundations". Complex. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  122. ^ a b "End of the road: the rise of road rap and the uncertain future of the hardcore continuum". Factmag.com. April 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  123. ^ a b Dan Hancox (August 12, 2011). "Rap responds to the riots: "They have to take us seriously"". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  124. ^ "Peckham Boys (PB) - www.londonstreetgangs.com". archive.fo. December 17, 2012. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  125. ^ [1] Archived 21 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ^ "Rapper Kyze jailed for shooting – Mirror Online". Daily Mirror. April 18, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  127. ^ Sam Wolfson (October 5, 2013). "Giggs: prison, police harassment, cancelled tours – When Will It Stop". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  128. ^ Hancox, Dan (June 22, 2018). "The war against rap: censoring drill may seem radical but it's not new". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  129. ^ McQuaid, Ian (June 14, 2017). "Don't Call It Road Rap: When Drill, UK Accents and Street Life Collide". Vice. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  130. ^ "A guide to the many styles of hip-hop, from hyphy to horrorcore". Red Bull. March 15, 2019. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  131. ^ "Police have banned a London rap group from making drill music". The Big Issue. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  132. ^ Hunter-Tilney, Ludovic (February 7, 2019). "London rapper Fredo on the neighbourhood that shaped his music". Financial Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  133. ^ Dazed (April 25, 2017). "Inside UK Drill, London's Hyper-Local DIY Sound". Dazed. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

Sources

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangsta_rap&oldid=1259049127#Mafioso_rap"