The Mandelbaum effect is the tendency for the eye to focus nearby in conditions of poor visibility. It was first codified by J. Mandelbaum in 1960.[1] Because dirty glass can aggravate the effect, potentially causing a pilot or driver to miss seeing an obstacle or hazard, it is a strong safety argument for keeping windows clean.[2]
Discussion
editWhen visibility is poor, as at night during rainstorms or fog, the eye tends to relax and focus on its best distance, technically known as "empty field" or "dark focus".[3] This distance is usually just under one meter (one yard), but varies considerably among people. The tendency is aggravated by objects close to the eye, drawing focus closer. A common synonym for the Effect in FAA[4] and Transport Canada[5] usage is "empty-field myopia."
It has been shown that the Mandelbaum effect is not a refractive error in the usual sense: it is not a structural characteristic of the eyes, but the effect arises from normal variations of perception in the brain.[3] As in the aviation condition known as spatial disorientation, it is posited that some people are severely affected by the effect, some mildly, and some not at all.[6]
In aviation and automobile safety research, the Mandelbaum effect is a useful tool in determining bias in stressful conditions. There seem to be consistent patterns in pilots' and drivers' perceptions during poor visibility. Methods of compensating for the Mandelbaum effect are still subject to research.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Mandelbaum, J. (1960). "An accommodation phenomenon". Archives of Ophthalmology. 63 (6): 923–926. doi:10.1001/archopht.1960.00950020925005. PMID 13856115., quoted in Rolland, Jannick P.; Gibson, William; Ariely, Dan (1995). "Towards Quantifying Depth and Size Perception in 3D Virtual Environments". Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 4 (1): 24–49. doi:10.1162/pres.1995.4.1.24. S2CID 14168457.
- ^ Flint, David; Wood, David. "Human Factors In The Aviation Environment". San Jose State University. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
- ^ a b Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (1985). Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance (Report). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. p. 14. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
- ^ "Chapter 17: Aeromedical Factors". Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25C ed.). Federal Aviation Administration. 17 July 2023. p. 22.
- ^ "Empty-field Myopia". Langley, BC: Langley Flying School. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ Stark, Lawrence R.; Atchison, David A. (May–June 1998). "Effect of an intervening screen on accommodation to a distant object". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 81 (3): 119–130. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1998.tb06730.x. PMID 12482261. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
- ^ Roscoe, Stanley N. (30 November 1995). "The Mandelbaum Effect And Other Phenomena and their Implication on Pilot Selection". Aeronews. No. 2/95. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.