McColo was a US-based web hosting service provider[2] that was, for a long time, the source of the majority of spam-sending activities for the entire world.[3] In late 2008, the company was shut down by two upstream providers, Global Crossing and Hurricane Electric, because a significant amount of malware and botnets had been trafficking from the McColo servers.[2]
| Industry | Web hosting service |
|---|---|
| Founded | 2004 in San Jose, California, United States |
| Founder | Nikolai "Kolya" McColo[1] |
| Defunct | November 11, 2008 |
| Fate | Shutdown |
| Headquarters | , |
| Website | mccolo |
History
editMcColo was formed by a 19-year-old Russian hacker and student named Nikolai. Nikolai's nickname was "Kolya McColo"; hence the name of the provider.[4]
Malware traffic
editAt the time of termination of its upstream service on November 11, 2008, it was estimated that McColo customers were responsible for a substantial proportion of all email spam then flowing[5] and subsequent reports claim a two-thirds or greater reduction in global spam volume.[6] This reduction had been sustained for some period after the takedown.[7] McColo was one of the leading players in the so-called "bulletproof hosting" market — ISPs that will allow servers to remain online regardless of complaints.
According to Ars Technica and other sources, upstream ISPs Global Crossing and Hurricane Electric terminated service when contacted by Brian Krebs and The Washington Post’s Security Fix blog,[8][9] but multiple reports had been published by organizations including SecureWorks, FireEye and ThreatExpert, all naming McColo as the host for much of the world's botnet traffic.[10] [11][12][13] According to Joe Stewart, director of malware research for SecureWorks, the Mega-D, Srizbi, Pushdo, Rustock and Warezov botnets all hosted their master servers at McColo; numerous complaints had been made but McColo simply moved offending servers and sites to different subnets. Spamhaus.org reportedly finds roughly 1.5 million computers infected with either Srizbi or Rustock sending spam in an average week.
Following the shut down, details began to emerge of the ISP's other clients, which included distributors and vendors of child pornography and other criminal enterprises, including the Russian Business Network.[14]
McColo gained reconnection briefly on November 19, 2008 via a backup connection agreement common in the industry, but was rapidly shut down again.[15]
The McColo takedown especially affected Srizbi, one of the world's largest botnets, controlling 500,000 infected nodes as of November 2008.[16]
Symantec's monthly state of spam report for April 2009 stated that spamming was now back to what it was before McColo was taken offline. Due to botnets being created and old ones being brought back online, it estimated that about 85 percent of all email traffic is spam.[17][18] By November 2009 the IP space used by McColo was still largely unused, as much of it was unattractive to buyers due to being widely blacklisted.[3]
See also
edit- Botnet
- Oleg Nikolaenko, whose arrest also reduced worldwide spam
- Rustock botnet, one of the largest spambots ever built
- Zombie (computer science)
External links
editReferences
edit- ^ Krebs, Brian (2014). Spam Nation. Sourcebooks. p. 43. ISBN 9781402295621. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
- ^ a b Krebs, Brian (November 12, 2008). "Host of Internet Spam Groups Is Cut Off". Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
- ^ a b "Security Fix - A year later: A look back at McColo". Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ^ Carr, Jeffrey. Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0596802153, pg. 127.
- ^ McColo goes silent, The Register, November 12, 2008
- ^ Spam Volumes Drop by Two-Thirds After Firm Goes Offline, Washington Post "Security Fix" blog, November 12, 2008
- ^ Spam Back to 94% of All E-Mail, The New York Times "Bits" Blog, March 31, 2009
- ^ A Closer Look at McColo, Washington Post Security Fix blog
- ^ Spam sees big nosedive as rogue ISP McColo knocked offline, Ars Technica, November 12, 2008
- ^ Stewart, Joe. "The Return of Warezov". SecureWorks. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- ^ FireEye threat analysis
- ^ ThreatExpert threat analysis
- ^ [1] threat analysis
- ^ Washington Post, November 12, 2008
- ^ McColo reconnect highlights network security gap, Ars Technica, November 20, 2008
- ^ Srizbi returns from the dead, The Register, November 26, 2008
- ^ Spammers recovering from McColo shutdown
- ^ State Of Spam for April 2009