Wikipedia

Meiron

For the modern Israeli village, see Meron, Israel.

Meiron (Arabic: ميرون, Mayrûn; Hebrew: מירון הקדומה) was a Palestinian village, located 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) west of Safad. Associated with the ancient Canaanite city of Merom, excavations at the site have found extensive remains from the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. The remains include a 3rd-century synagogue, and Meiron served as a prominent local religious centre at the time.[3]

Meiron
ميرون
Mirun, Meron, Meroon, Marun, Meirun, Mairun
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Meiron (click the buttons)
Meiron is located in Mandatory Palestine
Meiron
Meiron
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°58′56″N 35°26′17″E / 32.98222°N 35.43806°E / 32.98222; 35.43806
Palestine grid191/265
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictSafad
Date of depopulationMay 10–12, 1948[1]
Area
 • Total
14,114 dunams (14.114 km2 or 5.449 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
290
Cause(s) of depopulationInfluence of nearby town's fall
Current LocalitiesMeron[2]

From the 13th century CE onward, Meiron was a popular site for Jewish pilgrims.[3][4] During Ottoman rule in Palestine, the Jewish population fluctuated considerably, with at least two-thirds of the population being Arab Muslims. Landownership in the village was nonetheless split almost evenly between Arabs and Jews. Depopulated in two waves over the course of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the moshav of Meron was founded in its place in 1949 by Israeli soldiers who fought in that war.

History and archaeology

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Archaeological research on Mount Meron started in the 1920s, and while unearthing substantial remains from the Roman period, for many decades it only came up with very meager findings from earlier times.[5] This made the theory that Ein Meron spring at the foot of the Meron site could be the "waters of Merom" of Joshua 11:5 and Joshua 11:7 very hard to support.[5] The well-respected Israeli archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni firmly rejected during the 1950s any notion of a pre-Roman settlement at Meron, setting the tone for the following decades.[5] In the decade up to 2005 however, new archaeological findings seemed to indicate that the site atop Mount Meron was inhabited continuously from the Chalcolithic until after the Roman period, and this new knowledge reinvigorated the debate about the identification of Merom and its "waters".[5]

Location

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The ancient site of Meron stood on a high hill on the eastern side of Mount Meron, above (north of) Nahal Meron ('Meron Stream') and the Meron spring, its remains being found at the summit of the hill and on its slopes.[6]

Settlement periods

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Flint findings indicate human activity at the site during the Middle Paleolithic period, but as of 2019 archaeologists consider that settlement started there during the Chalcolithic and it became continuous from that period and up until the present day.[6]

A Jewish settlement from part of the Roman and Byzantine periods, or Mishnaic (c. 10-220 CE) and Talmudic periods (3rd to 6th centuries) in Jewish terms, was excavated in the 1970s.[6]

During the Late Ottoman period, Oliphant (1887) described a mixed Jewish and Muslim settlement,[6] and in the British Mandate it was an Arab village (Khalidi 1992).[6]

Middle Palaeolithic and Chalcolithic periods

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During a 2017 excavation above Nahal Meron on the southern slope of the hill of ancient Meron, surface finds of flint implements and debitage hardened the conclusion of earlier work that human activity took place at the Meron site very early on, namely in the Middle Palaeolithic, and again in either the Chalcolithic period or the Bronze Age.[6]

Excavations and surveys at the site of ancient Meron have revealed that human activity and settlement there have begun during the Chalcolithic period.[6]

At three small digs executed by Yossi Stepansky of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) near the cave of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai and at the Bar Yochai Yeshiva in Meiron, Chalcolithic pottery and fragments of cultic objects made of basalt came to light.[5]

Bronze and Iron Ages

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The association of Meiron with the ancient Canaanite city of Merom or Maroma has long had its supporters, though the prolonged absence of hard archaeological evidence meant that other sites a little further north, thus today located in southern Lebanon, such as Marun ar-Ras or Jebel Marun, have also been considered.[7][8] Merom is mentioned in 2nd millennium BCE Egyptian sources, and in Tiglath-pileser III's accounts of his expedition to the Galilee in 733-732 BCE (where it is transcribed as Marum).[7][8] Writing several decades after Aharoni, Israeli archaeologist Avraham Negev nevertheless identified Meiron with Bronze and Iron Age Merom, mentioned in the Book of Joshua in the syntagm "water of Merom" and in extra-biblical sources as mrm.[9]

In the same 2000 dig near the cave of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai, Stepansky also excavated sherds and cultic basalt fragments from the Early Bronze Age I.[5]

At an area north of the center of the long-known Roman-period Meron, a 2004 dig cleared three Bronze Age layers.[5] A round installation and pottery were dated to the Middle Bronze IIA, underneath it was an Intermediate Bronze Age layer containing a floor and import pottery from Syria, followed by an even earlier Intermediate Bronze Age layer with pottery sherds and flint implements.[5]

At the digs on the grounds of the yeshiva, Stepansky discovered pottery from the Iron Age, the Persian and the Hellenistic periods.[5]

Classical antiquity

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Excavations at Meiron found artifacts dating to the Hellenistic period at the foundation of the site.[10] The economic and cultural affinities of the inhabitants of the Meiron area at this time were directed toward the north, to Tyre and southern Syria in general.[10] Josephus fortified a town of Mero or Meroth ahead of the First Jewish-Roman War; some however identify that Meroth with a site located further north, possibly today's Marun ar-Ras,[11] while others prefer the archaeologically more convincing Marus.

A. Negev identifies the site with Bronze and Iron Age Merom, writing that it was known by the Second Temple period as Meron, with Josephus calling it Meroth.[9] It is mentioned in the Talmud as being a village in which sheep were reared, that was also renowned for its olive oil.[12][11] The Reverend R. Rappaport ventured that merino, the celebrated wool, may have its etymological roots in the name for the village.[12]

A tower which still stands at a height of 18 feet (5.5 m) was constructed in Meiron in the 2nd century CE.[11] In the last decade of the 3rd century CE, a synagogue was erected in the village. Known as the Meiron synagogue, it survived an earthquake in 306 CE, though excavations at the site indicate that it was severely damaged or destroyed by another earthquake in 409 CE.[13][14] "One of the largest Palestinian synagogues in the basilica style," it is the earliest example of the so-called 'Galilean' synagogue, and consists of a large room with eight columns on each side leading to the facade and a three-doored entrance framed by a columned portico.[13][15] Artifacts uncovered during digs at the site include a coin of Emperor Probus (276-282 CE) and African ceramics dating to the latter half of the 3rd century, indicating that the city was commercially prosperous at the time.[13] Coins found in Meiron are mostly from Tyre, though a large number are also from Hippos, which lay on the other side of Lake Tiberias.[15] Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell write that Meiron was a prominent local religious centre in the period of late Antiquity.[3]

Some time in the 4th century CE, Meiron was abandoned for reasons as yet unknown.[16]

Early Islamic to Mamluk periods

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Denys Pringle describes Meiron as a "[f]ormer Jewish village," with a synagogue and tombs dating to the 3rd and 4th centuries, noting the site was later reoccupied between 750 and 1399.[17]

In the 12th century, Benjamin de Tudela, a Navarrese rabbi, visited Meiron and described a cave of tombs located there believed to hold the remains of Hillel, Shammai, and "twenty of their disciples and other Rabbis."[18] On his visit to Meiron in 1210, Samuel ben Samson, a French rabbi, located the tombs of Simeon bar Yochai and his son Eleazar b. Simeon there.[18] A contemporary of the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132-135 CE), bar Yochai is venerated by Moroccan Jews, whose veneration of saints is thought to be an adaptation of local Muslim customs.[19] From the 13th century onward, Meiron became the most frequented site of pilgrimage for Jews in Palestine.[3]

In the early 14th century, Arab geographer al-Dimashqi mentioned Meiron as falling under the administration of Safad. He reported that it was located near a "well-known cave" where Jews and possibly non-Jewish locals travelled to celebrate a festival, which involved witnessing the sudden and miraculous rise of water from basins and sarcophagi in the cave.[20]

Ottoman period

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Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in 1555 the villagers paid a tax on silk spinning.[21] By the 1596 tax register, Meiron was located in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, part of Sanjak Safad. It was registered as a large village, with 115 households and 15 bachelors, an estimated 715 persons, all Muslims. The village paid taxes on goats, beehives, and a press that processed either grapes or olives; a total of 13,810 akçe.[22][23][24] In 1609, Rabbi Shlumil of Safad wrote that there were many synagogues in ruins and empty of people.[25]

Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, who visited about 1648, told that as the Jewish festival approached, thousands of people, "mostly Druzes, Timānis, Yezīdies and Mervāvis", gathered inside a cave at Meiron. Then on the day of the festival, large rock basins that were usually dry miraculously filled with water. The water was thought to be a single tear of Yaqub (Jacob) and had marvelous healing properties. As "Meiron water", it was exported to many countries.[26]

A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "Merou".[27]

Meiron suffered relatively minor damage in the Galilee earthquake of 1837. It was reported that during the earthquake the walls of the tombs of Rabbi Eleazer and Rabbi She-Maun were dislodged, but did not collapse.[28]

 
Jewish pilgrims in Meiron, c. 1920.

A number of European travellers came to Meiron over the course of the 19th century and their observations from the time are documented in travel journals. Edward Robinson, who visited Meiron during his travels in Palestine and Syria in the mid-19th century, describes it as "a very old looking village situated on a ledge of bristling rocks near the foot of the mountain. The ascent is by a very steep and ancient road [...] It is small, and inhabited only by Muhammedans."[18] The tombs of Simeon bar Yochai, his son R. Eleazar, and those of Hillel and Shammai are located by Robinson as lying within a khan-like courtyard underneath low-domed structures that were usually kept closed with the keys held in Safad. Robinson indicates that this place was the focal point of Jewish pilgrimage activities by his time; the synagogue is described as being in ruins.[18]

Laurence Oliphant also visited Meiron sometime in the latter half of the 19th century. His guide there was a Sephardic rabbi who owned the land that made up the Jewish quarter of the village. Oliphant writes that the rabbi had brought 6 Jewish families from Morocco to till the land, and that they and another 12 Muslim families made up the whole of the village's population at the time.[29] Karl Baedeker described it as a small village that appeared quite old with a Muslim population.[23] In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Meiron as a small village of 50 people, all Muslims, who cultivated olives.[30]

A population list from about 1887 showed Meiron to have about 175 inhabitants, all Muslim.[31]

British Mandate period

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Jewish pilgrims on the way to Meiron, c. 1920.

Towards the end of World War I, the ruins of the Meiron synagogue were acquired by the "Fund for the Redemption of Historical Sites" (Qeren le-Geulat Meqomot Histori'im), a Jewish society headed by David Yellin.[32]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Mairun had a population of 154; all Muslims.[33] By 1931, Meiron consisted of an Arab and Jewish quarter, with the former being the larger one and the latter being built around the tomb of Simeon bar Yochai. That year, there were 158 Arabs and 31 Jews in Meiron; a total of 189 people, in 47 houses.[34][35]

 
bar Yochai celebrations, Meiron, 25 May 1927

In the 1945 statistics, conducted toward the end of the British Mandate in Palestine, depicted an entirely Muslim population of 290 people.[36][37] Meiron had a boy's elementary school. Agriculture and livestock was the dominant economic sectors of the village, with grain being the primary crop, followed by fruits. Around 200 dunams of land were planted with olive trees, and there were two presses in the village used to process olives.[23][37][38][39]

1948 War and aftermath

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Meiron's villagers were driven out in two waves: one shortly after the capture of Safad by Haganah on 10–11 May 1948, and the other at the end of October 1948, after Meiron itself was occupied.[23] According to Nafez Nazzal, three Israeli planes bombed Meiron, together with the villages of Tarshiha, Safsaf and Jish during Operation Hiram on October 28, and many villagers were killed.[40] One Israeli account states that there were 80 dead left after the defenders had withdrawn.[41]

State of Israel

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The Israeli moshav of Meron, established in 1949, now sits on the lands of the former Palestinian village.[citation needed]

Excavations were carried out in ancient Meiron in 1971–72, 1974–75, and 1977 by Eric M. and Carol L. Meyers.[42]

Jewish pilgrimages to Meiron continue to be held annually on Lag BaOmer, which falls between Passover and Shavuot, at which time hundreds of thousands of Jews gather at the tomb of Simeon bar Yochai to partake in days of festivities, that include the lighting of bonfires at night.[19]

Jewish religious significance

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It seems that Meron was first regarded as sacred at a time when traditions associated it with the grave of Joshua Bin Nun.[6]

What is sure is that Galilean Jewish tradition sees Meron as the burial place of major Jewish sages of the Tanna'im and Amora'im generations, primarily Hillel the Elder, Yohanan ha-Sandlar and Rabbi Shim'on bar Yochai.[6] Their alleged sacred powers made Meron into a central pilgrimage site for religious Jews who are still visiting the tombs of the tzadikim.[6] For the last thousand years, starting in the Middle Ages, Jewish pilgrims have written about their experiences regarding Meron.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #56. Also gives cause of depopulation, but with two question-marks.
  2. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, settlement #159
  3. ^ a b c d Horden and Purcell, 2000, p. 446
  4. ^ Vilnay, 2003, p. 389.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Meron - an Old Story May Be Getting Older". Ran Shapira for Haaretz. 5 May 2005. Retrieved 12 April 2024 – via paleojudaica.blogspot.com. Original article at www.haaretz.com/2005-05-05/ty-article/meron-an-old-story-may-be-getting-older/0000017f-e8c1-df5f-a17f-fbdfe5320000 can be under paywall.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Berger, Uri; Glick, Alexander; Shemer, Maayan (2019). "Meron, Rabbi Shim'on Bar Yochai Compound: Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 131. Retrieved 17 April 2024 – via online ed., posted 02/06/2019.
  7. ^ a b Aharoni and Rainey, 1979, p. 225.
  8. ^ a b Bromiley, 1995, p. 326.
  9. ^ a b Negev and Gibson (2001), 'Merom; water of Merom; Meron', p. 332.
  10. ^ a b Zangenberg et al., 2007, p. 155.
  11. ^ a b c Negev and Gibson (2001), p. 330.
  12. ^ a b Ben Jonah et al., 1841, pp. 107-108.
  13. ^ a b c Urman and Flesher, 1998, pp. 62-63.
  14. ^ Safrai, 1998, p. 83.
  15. ^ a b Stemberger and Tuschling, 2000, p. 123.
  16. ^ Groh, in Livingstone, 1987, p. 71.
  17. ^ Pringle, 1997, p. 67.
  18. ^ a b c d Robinson, 1856, p. 73.
  19. ^ a b Friedland and Hecht, 1996, p. 86.
  20. ^ al-Dimashqi quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.476.
  21. ^ Rhode, 1979, p. 145 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine for the silk tax
  22. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176
  23. ^ a b c d Khalidi, 1992, p. 477
  24. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  25. ^ David, 1990, pp. 95–96
  26. ^ Stephan H. Stephan (1935). "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, II". The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 4: 154–164. Çelebi identified the Jewish festival as the Feast of the Tabernacles, which his translator Stephen judged to be a "pardonable mistake" for Lag be-Omer.
  27. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. Note 15: the area north of Safad was not surveyed by Jacotin, but drawn based on an existing map of d'Anville.
  28. ^ Neman, 1971, cited in "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, Aug. 1997, p.933,
  29. ^ Oliphant, 1886, p.75.
  30. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 198-199
  31. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 190
  32. ^ Fine, 2005, p. 23.
  33. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  34. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 476
  35. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 108
  36. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 10
  37. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70
  38. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 120
  39. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 170
  40. ^ Nazzal, 1978, p. 96
  41. ^ Herzog, 1982, p. 90
  42. ^ Meyers and Meyers, Eric M. and Carol L. Meyers Papers, 1970 - 1980

Bibliography

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