Melody type or type-melody[2] is a set of melodic formulas, figures, and patterns.
Term and typical meanings
edit"Melody type" is a fundamental notion for understanding a nature of Western and non-Western musical modes, according to Harold Powers' seminal article "Mode" in the first edition of the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Powers 1980, 12:376–77, 379, et passim).
Melody types are used in the composition of an enormous variety of music, especially non-Western and early Western music. Such music is generally composed by a process of centonization, either freely (i.e. improvised) or in a fixed pattern.
"Melody type" as used by the ethnomusicologist Mark Slobin (1982, 186)[3] is defined as a "group of melodies that are related, in that they all contain similar modal procedures and characteristic rhythmic and melodic contours or patterns".[4]
Most cultures which compose music in this way organize the patterns into distinct melody types. These are often compared to modern Western scales, but they in fact represent much more information than a sequence of permissible pitches, since they include how those pitches should function in the music, and indicate basic formulas which serve as a basis for improvisation. In non-improvised music, such as codified liturgical music, it is still usually clear how the melody developed from set patterns.
On one end of the continuum, the right, the melody type is a schema that is quite definite—a specific melody or a tune. When a musician improvises on this schema, he [or she] plays the melody with only slight variations. The basic outline is preserved and is clearly recognized by the listener. The best example ... on this end of the continuum is a folk song. A genuine folk song performance is a kind of improvisation. No one person sings it exactly as it came to him [or her]. One of the challenges of folk song research, of course, is to find all the variants of the tune and to try to trace the family relationships.
On the left side of the continuum is the melody type as a mode. Here the melody type is similar to a church mode: a scalar configuration with a preferential order of tones.
...The closer we get to the pole where a melody type is a tune, the more definite and literal is the schema.— May (1983)[5]
A melodic formula, ranging length from a short motif of a few notes to an entire melody, which is used as the basis for musical compositions. It differs from a mode, which simply sets forth a sequence of intervals (in Western music, half tones and whole tones), and from a scale (the notes of a mode in rising order of pitch), in that it is more specific: a melody type spells out actual sequences of tones, just as they are to appear in a piece, as well as particular beginnings and endings, ornaments, and other details. Melody types are found mostly in the music of ancient peoples—the Greeks, Hebrews, and others—and of Eastern peoples—the Arabs, Persians (Iranians), Indians, and others. For...example... raga.
— Ammer (2004)[6]
Melodic formulae and melody types in monodic traditions around the world
edit
- Intonation formula (Latin: intonatio, euouae, Noeane etc.) in Gregorian chant as used in psalm tones and certain genres such as the Tract[8]
- Enechema (Ancient Greek: ἐνήχημα) in Byzantine chant
- Popevka (Russian: попевка) in Znamenny chant
- Khaz in Armenian chant
- All Near and Middle East maqam-traditions (Arabic Maqam, Turkish Makam, Kurdish Meqam, Uyghur Muqam, Azeri Mugam, Uzbek and Tadzhik Shashmakom, Persian Dastgah etc.)
- Raga in Indian music
- Pathet in Indonesian music
- Chōshi in Japanese music
Extra-musical implications
editIn most cases, these melody types are associated with extra-musical implications, particularly emotions (see Indian rasa, for instance). They are also often associated with certain times. For example, most ragas are associated with a certain time of day, or a wayang performance in Java implies a certain succession of pathets.
Many of these traditions have a corresponding rhythmic framework. These include:
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Apel, Willi (1997). The History of Keyboard Music to 1700, p. 263. Trans. Tischler, Hans. ISBN 0-253-21141-7.
- ^ David Hiley. Western Plainchant. A Handbook. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, pp. 331–33.
- ^ Slobin, Mark (1982). Tenement Songs: The Popular Music of the Jewish Immigrants. Music in American Life. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-00893-6.
- ^ Koskoff, Ellen (2000). Music in Lubavitcher Life (Urbana: University of Illinois Press), p. 86. ISBN 978-0-252-02591-4.
- ^ May, Elizabeth (1983). Musics of Many Cultures: An Introduction, Part 1, p. 274. ISBN 978-0-520-04778-5.
- ^ Ammer, Christine (2004). "Melody type", The Facts on File Dictionary of Music, p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8160-5266-0.
- ^ David Hiley, Western Plainchant: A Handbook (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993): pp. 58-69 and pp. 331-335; this handbook is itself a summary of specialized studies of intonation formulas by Michel Huglo, Terence Bailey, Bruno Stäblein, and many others referred to at pp. 58 and 325 et passim. See also: Fiona McAlpine, Tonal Consciousness and the Medieval West (Bern: Peter Lang, 2008): p. 112.
- ^ Bailey T. The Intonation Formulas of Western Chant. Toronto, 1974.
Sources
edit- Powers, Harold S. (1980). "Mode". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Slobin, Mark (1982). Tenement Songs: The Popular Music of the Jewish Immigrants. Music in American Life. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-00893-6