Justice Muhammad Yusuf Saraf (born 1923) was the Chief Justice of the Azad Kashmir High Court[1] and the author of the voluminous work, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom. He was born in Baramulla in the then princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but migrated to Pakistan prior to the Partition of India. He started practising law in Mirpur in 1949, rising to the bench in 1969. He served as the Chief Justice of Azad Kashmir from 1975 to 1980.
Chief Justice Muhammad Yusuf Saraf | |
|---|---|
| Chief Justice of the Azad Kashmir High Court | |
| In office 1975–1980 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 23, 1923 Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir |
| Died | January 2, 1995 (aged 71) |
| Alma mater | St. Joseph's College Aligarh Muslim University |
Early life
editMuhammad Yusuf Saraf was born in Baramulla in 1923. He graduated from St. Joseph's College around 1945. He was the Student Union president and the President of Kashmir Youth Congress, 1943–1945. He was also a secretary for the All-India Students Congress during this period, associated with Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference.[2]
Azad Kashmir movement
editIn August 1945, Saraf joined All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, a pro-Pakistan splinter party of the National Conference, which favoured Jammu and Kashmir's accession to Pakistan. He was appointed a secretary of the party in 1946.[2]
On 19 July 1947, at a convention of the Muslim Conference workers was held in Srinagar, Saraf argued for the accession of the state to Pakistan. This was said to have been against the party Working Committee's decision the previous day in favour of the State remaining independent. The Working Committee cited the advice of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in support of its decision. However, Saraf wanted the party to decide in favour of accession to Pakistan. He hastily pencilled a counter-resolution and read it out at the convention, which is said to have received overwhelming support from the younger members of the convention. Consequently, the convention passed a resolution urging the Maharaja to accede to Pakistan.[3][4] The Working Committee subsequently modified its resolution urging the Maharaja to accede to Pakistan.
In August, following the Partition of British India, Saraf conducted a mission for Chaudhary Hamidullah, the acting president of the Muslim Conference. Hamidullah sought "sympathetic people" from Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) to attack the state borders in order to draw the State Forces away from Srinagar. It was meant provide an opportunity for the rebels from Poonch to attack the state capital Srinagar. Hamidullah asked Saraf to carry a letter to the NWFP chief minister Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan to facilitate attacks from the Pakistani side. The Khan, on the other hand, dismissed the proposal as being "foolish". He thought such attacks would give an excuse for India to intervene. He wanted Hamidullah to come in person to discuss the development of a proper plan. Saraf relayed the message to Hamidullah in Srinagar, and then went to stay with a relative in Garhi Habibullah in the NWFP. He believed a warrant had been issued for his arrest.[5]
In Garhi Habibullah, Saraf acquired a sizeable quantity of dynamite for the insurgency. Khurshid Anwar was in the area at that time in connection with organising a tribal invasion of Kashmir. With Anwar's assurance that it would be used for 'the same purpose', Saraf handed over the dynamite to the Khan of Garhi, Muhammad Aslam Khan, which was then presumably used during the tribal invasion.[6]
In October 1947, Saraf went to Rawalpindi, where the Azad Kashmir provisional government set up by the Muslim Conference was operating from the Paris Hotel. He was asked to set up a publicity office for the movement in Lahore. Saraf did so, with the assistance of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the head of Ahmadiyya sect, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and other influential people of Lahore. The Divisional Commissioner of Lahore, Inamur Rahim, also extended his help.[7] When the Provisional Government of Azad Kashmir was reconstituted under Sardar Ibrahim Khan on 24 October 1947, Saraf supported it.[8]
Legal career
editSaraf received an L.L.B. degree from Aligarh University in 1948. He started law practice in Mirpur in 1949. He continued to be involved with the Azad Kashmir affairs, serving on the Electoral Rolls and Polling Sub-Committee set up by the Government of Pakistan, the Azad Kashmir Radio Advisory Committee and the Azad Kashmir Administration Advisory Committee, etc.[2]
In 1969, Saraf was appointed as a judge of the Mirpur Court. He served on the Azad Kashmir Laws Adaptation and Scrutiny Committee and the Azad Kashmir Islamic Laws Committee and the Azad Kashmir Law Commission.[2]
In 1975, Saraf was appointed as the Chief Justice of the Azad Kashmir High Court, serving in this post till 1980.[9]
Works
edit- Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 (1819–1946), Ferozsons, Lahore, 1977.
- Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (1947–1978), Ferozsons, Lahore, 1979.
Reception
editThe volumes received favourable reviews in the Pakistani press. The U. S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Arthur W. Hummel remarked that it appeared to be "a monumental work, representing much research and scholarship".[10] Being a voluminous piece of work covering a long period of history, the volumes are often cited by scholars, such as Victoria Schofield and Christopher Snedden, for historical information.[11][12] However, Brian Cloughly in A History of the Pakistan Army, said that it is not an unbiased piece of work. Lord Mountbatten is said to have characterised it as 'an exercise in aspersion and innuendo'.[13] Azad Kashmiri journalist Khalid Hasan, who co-edited Memory Lane to Jammu, which included excerpts from Saraf's book, has stated that it is an unsatisfactory account with a "gung-ho, super-patriotic tone", lacking in objectivity.[14]
Death and legacy
editJustice Saraf died on 2 January, 1995.[15][16]
The Sultana Foundation has established a Justice Yusaf Saraf Centre for Research, Rehabilitation & Mainstreaming of Street Children in his honour.[17]
References
edit- ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, p. 281, ISBN 1860648983
- ^ Copland, Ian (1991), "The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947", in D. A. Low (ed.), Political Inheritance of Pakistan, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 239–240, ISBN 978-1-349-11556-3
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), pp. 9–12.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), p. 85.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), p. 174.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), p. 544.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), p. 547.
- ^ Former Hona’ble Chief Justices of The High Court Archived 18 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Azad Kashmir High Court, retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015), front cover.
- ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
- ^ Snedden, Christopher (2013) [first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir, 2012], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, ISBN 978-9350298985
- ^ Cloughley, Brian (2016), A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections, Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, Chapter 1, footnote 13, ISBN 978-1-63144-039-7
- ^ Hasan, Khalid (2013) [2007], "Mirpur 1947 – The Untold Story", in Gupta, Bal K. (ed.), Forgotten Atrocities: Memoirs of a Survivor of the 1947 Partition of India, Lulu.com, pp. 141–144, ISBN 978-1-257-91419-7
- ^ "MR. JUSTICE KHAWAJA MUHAMMAD YUSUF SARAF". ajkhighcourt.gok.pk. Azad Kashmir High Court. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ Rad, Rehmatullah; Hasan, Khalid (2004), Memory Lane to Jammu, Sang-e-Meel Publications, p. 197, ISBN 978-969-35-1572-5
- ^ Justice Yusaf Saraf Centre for Research, Rehabilitation & Mainstreaming of Street Children, Sultana Foundation, retrieved 27 May 2017.
Bibliography
edit- Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (2015) [first published 1979 by Ferozsons], Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2, Mirpur: National Institute Kashmir Studies