The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called Latin turned alpha being a rotated version of Latin alpha. It seems a "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Latin turned alpha a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha a ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.
| Open back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɒ | |||
| IPA Number | 313 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0252 | ||
| X-SAMPA | Q | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
Features
edit- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | daar | [dɒːr] | 'there' | Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Assamese | কৰ / kor | [kɒ̹ɹ] | 'to do' | An "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3] May also be transcribed [ɔ]. | |
| Bulgarian | Some Rhodopean dialects | мъж/măž | [ˈmɒʃʲ] | 'man' | Found as the unification of the Proto-Slavic *ǫ, *ę, *ъ and *ь. Standard Bulgarian has /ɤ̞/ for *ǫ and *ъ and /ɛ/ for *ę and *ь. |
| Catalan | Majorcan[4][5] | dones | [ˈd̪ɔ̞nəs] | 'women' | Main realization of /ɔ/ (also represented as /ɒ/). May be unrounded [ɑ] in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Menorcan[4][5] | |||||
| Valencian[4][5] | [ˈd̪ɔ̞nes] | ||||
| Some Valencian speakers[6] | taula | [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɔ̞̈] | 'table' | Can be realized as unrounded ([ʌ̞̈]). | |
| Dutch | Leiden[7] | bad | [bɒ̝t] | 'bath' | Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[7] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch. |
| Rotterdam[7] | |||||
| Some dialects[8] | bot | [bɒt] | 'bone' | Some non-Randstad dialects,[8] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch. | |
| English | South African[9] | not | [nɒ̜̈t] | 'not' | Near-back and weakly rounded.[9] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[9] See South African English phonology |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation[10] | [nɒt] | Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. It is proposed that the /ɒ/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a rounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality.[11] See English phonology | |||
| Northern English[12] | May be somewhat raised and fronted.[12] | ||||
| Canadian[13] | Lot and thought have the same vowel in Canadian English; see cot–caught merger. | ||||
| thought | 'thought' | ||||
| General American | Vowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However, "Short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ]. | ||||
| Inland Northern American[14] | See Northern cities vowel shift | ||||
| Indian[15] | [t̪ʰɒʈ] | /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English. | |||
| Welsh[16][17] | [θɒːt] | Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects. | |||
| German | Many speakers[18] | Gourmand | [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː] | 'gourmand' | Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[18] See Standard German phonology |
| Many Swiss dialects[19] | maane | [ˈmɒːnə] | 'remind' | The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[20] | |
| Hungarian | Standard[21] | magyar | [ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r] | 'Hungarian' | Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[22] See Hungarian phonology |
| Ibibio[23] | dọ | [dɒ̝́] | 'marry' | Near-open;[23] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. | |
| Irish | Ulster[24] | ólann | [ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ] | '(he) drinks' | Near-open;[24] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. |
| Istro-Romanian[25] | cåp | [kɒp] | 'head' | See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian). | |
| Jeju[26] | ᄒᆞ나/haona | [hɒna] | 'one' | See Jeju phonology | |
| Lehali[27] | dön̄ | [ⁿdɒ̝ŋ] | 'yam' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[27] | |
| Lemerig[28] | ‘ān̄sār | [ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r] | 'person' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[28] | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[29] | plaots | [plɒ̝ːts] | 'place' | Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[29] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects. |
| Malay | Kedah | tua | [tu.ɒ] | 'old' | Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /ʔ/ or a glottal fricative /h/. |
| Mansi | Central/Northern | ам | [ɒm] | 'me' | The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between /ɒ/ and /o/. |
| Neapolitan[30] | Vastese | uâʃtə | [uˈwɒʃtə] | 'Vasto' | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[31][32] | topp | [tʰɒ̝pː] | 'top' | Near-open,[31][32] also described as close-mid back [o].[33] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Dialects along the Swedish border[34] | hat | [hɒ̜ːt] | 'hate' | Weakly rounded and fully back.[34] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | فارسی / fârsi | [fɒːɾˈsiː] | 'Persian' | ||
| Brazilian Portuguese | Carioca | ova | [ˈɒːva] | 'fish roe' | Allophone of /ɔ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Slovak | Some speakers[35] | a | [ɒ] | 'and' | Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[35] See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[36][37] | jаg | [jɒ̝ːɡ] | 'I' | Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[36] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology |
| Gothenburg[37] | [jɒːɡ] | More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[37] | |||
| Uzbek | Standard[38] | choy | [t͡ʃɒj] | 'tea' | |
| Yoruba[39] | itọju | [itɒ̝ju] | 'care' | Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
- ^ a b c Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131.
- ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 115.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- ^ Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
- ^ Boberg (2004), p. 359.
- ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
- ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
- ^ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (2020). Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7443-8.
- ^ a b François (2011), p. 194.
- ^ a b François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
- ^ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
- ^ a b Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
- ^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References
edit- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
- François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283, S2CID 42217419
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- Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
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- Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
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- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
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- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5