Nicola de la Haie (born c. 1150; d. 1230),[1] of Swaton in Lincolnshire, (also written de la Haye) was an English landowner and administrator who inherited from her father not only lands in both England and Normandy but also the post of hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle. On her own, she twice defended the castle against prolonged sieges. After the death of her second husband in 1214, she continued to hold the castle until she retired on grounds of old age in 1226.[2][3]
On 18 October 1216, she was also appointed sheriff of Lincolnshire by King John.[4][5]
Life
editBorn about 1150, she was one of three daughters and coheiresses of Richard de la Haie,[2] a major Lincolnshire landowner whose family had founded the Premonstratensian house of Barlings Priory,[3][6] and his wife Matilda, daughter of William Vernon. Her paternal grandfather Robert de la Haie, of Halnaker in Sussex, had in 1115 been granted the posts of hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and hereditary sheriff of Lincolnshire. When her father died in 1169 she inherited the post of constable, which in practice was filled by her two husbands in succession.[2][7]
When King Henry II died in 1189, she and her second husband Gerard de Camville travelled to Barfleur in Normandy to obtain a charter confirming her rights from the new king Richard I. Richard then went off to the Holy Land on the Third Crusade, leaving authority in England in the hands of William de Longchamp.[2] In 1191 Longchamp removed Camville from the shrievalty and the castellancy, ordering him to hand over the castle.
When this was refused, Longchamp ordered an armed assault on the castle. While Camville stayed with Prince John at Nottingham,[3] Nicola held out against a month-long siege by a force of 30 knights, 20 mounted men-at-arms and 300 infantry, together with 40 sappers who attacked the walls of the castle.[8][9] Having failed to take the castle, Longchamp reached a compromise with Camville and restored him to his two posts, but then had him excommunicated. When King Richard returned from crusade and captivity in 1194, he removed Camville from both posts.[3]
Things improved when King Richard was succeeded by his brother John. Though a difficult man who fell out with most people, both Nicola and her husband remained loyal to him and were fortunate in maintaining a cordial relationship.[2] In 1199 he restored the castle and the shrievalty to Camville, who held them until he died shortly before January 1215.[3] Nicola then held both posts and, when John came to Lincoln in 1216, she is reported to have gone out to meet him with the keys of the castle in her hand, saying that as she was now a very old widow she was unable to continue in office any longer. He replied: “My dear Nicola, I want you to hold on to the castle as you have so far, until I decide otherwise.” He also confirmed her right to the shrievalty.[2][10] Philip Mark, also sheriff of Nottingham, was co-sheriff.[11]
Lincoln Castle then came under attack by the rebels against John, led by the French prince Louis. While besieged there, Nicola was visited by Peter des Roches, the influential bishop of Winchester, who knew a secret way in and assured her that loyal forces would soon attack the besiegers. Her sturdy defence kept the castle intact until May 1217, when the Second Battle of Lincoln resulted in the defeat of the rebels and their French allies.[2][9]
Nicola then had to face a new threat, this time from William II Longespée, son of the Earl of Salisbury and husband of her granddaughter Idonea, who tried to evict her. He was required to return both the castle and the role of sheriff to her, but she later lost the sheriffdom.[12][13]
In 1226, when she must have been over 70 years old, she retired from the castle to her estate at Swaton, where she died on 20 November 1230.[2]
Landholdings
editAt her death, in addition to Swaton, she held lands at Ashby, Billingborough, Bullington, Dembleby, Faldingworth, Fillingham, Horbling, Hogsthorpe, Ingham, Ingleby, Kirkby Underwood, Marston, Newton, Pickworth, Riseholme, Scawby, Spanby, and Willoughby.[14]
Family
editHer first husband was William fitz Erneis, who died before 1185. By then she was married to Gerard de Camville, who died shortly before January 1215.[2] Her children included:
References
edit- ^ Her name, written Nicole in French and Nicolaa in the Latin of the time, has here been put in the usual English spelling.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Johns, Susan M. (23 September 2004). "Haie, Nicola de la (d. 1230)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: subscription or UK public library membership required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47223. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d e f Golding, Brian (28 September 2006). "Canville [Camville], Gerard de (d. 1214)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: subscription or UK public library membership required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4543. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Louis: The French Prince Who Invaded England By Catherine Hanley
- ^ Lady Nicholaa de la Haye, Magna Carta Trust
- ^ In 1166 her father had stated that his barony had 20 knights’ fees in chief but after 1172 his heirs were only charged for 16 fees. (Sanders, Ivor John (1960) English baronies: A study of their origin and descent, 1086-1327, Clarendon Press, p109)
- ^ Her father's sister Cecily, who inherited the Sussex estates, was the wife of Roger St John, of Stanton St John in Oxfordshire.
- ^ Hindley, Geoffrey (2009). Medieval Sieges & Siegecraft. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 9781602396333.
- ^ a b Lincoln Castle, 12 February 2015, retrieved 17 March 2018
- ^ Wilkinson, Louise (2007) Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire, Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press; chapter 1. ISBN 0861932854
- ^ A Historical Dictionary of British Women By Cathy Hartley
- ^ Carpenter, David (1990), "The Government of the Regent, 1217-19: The restoration of government, October–November 1217", in Carpenter, David (ed.), The minority of Henry III, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 66–67, ISBN 9780520072398,
Unfortunately for Salisbury, Nicola de Haye would not die... she came before the October great council, protested at Salisbury's conduct and begged that her right to Lincoln castle be respected. As a result, Salisbury was ordered to surrender both the castle and the sheriffdom to her... In December, Salisbury recovered the sheriffdom...
- ^ Castles in Medieval Society: Fortresses in England, France, and Ireland By Charles Coulson, Oxford University Press\
- ^ Paul Dryburgh; Beth Hartland (eds.), Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the Reign of Henry III: 9 to 18 Henry III, p. 365, retrieved 13 March 2018
- ^ Burke, John (1846), A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant, and in Abeyance, p. 168, retrieved 13 March 2018
Further reading
edit- Sharon Bennett Connolly, King John's Right Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye, Pen & Sword, 2023.