Nurul Amin[a] (15 July 1893 – 2 October 1974) was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the eighth prime minister of Pakistan from 7 December to 20 December 1971. His term of only 13 days as prime minister was the shortest served in Pakistani parliamentary history. He was also the only Vice President of Pakistan.
Nurul Amin | |
|---|---|
নুরুল আমিন نور الامین | |
 | |
| 8th Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
| In office 7 December 1971 – 20 December 1971 | |
| President | Yahya Khan |
| Deputy | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Feroz Khan Noon Ayub Khan (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Acting President of Pakistan | |
| In office 20 January 1972 – 28 January 1972 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| In office 1 April 1972 – 21 April 1972 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Vice President of Pakistan | |
| In office 20 December 1971 – 14 August 1973 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Post created |
| Succeeded by | Post abolished |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 9 July 1967 – 7 December 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Fatima Jinnah |
| Succeeded by | Khan Abdul Wali Khan |
| Chief Minister of East Pakistan | |
| In office 14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954 | |
| Governor | Feroz Khan Noon Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |
| Preceded by | Khawaja Nazimuddin |
| Succeeded by | Fazlul Huq |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 July 1893 Shahbazpur, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Died | 2 October 1974 (aged 81) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Resting place | Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |
| Nationality |  Pakistani |
| Political party | Council Muslim League (since 1962) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Relatives |
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| Alma mater | |
Starting his political career in 1948 as Chief Minister of East Bengal, he headed the Ministry of Supply. Despite being a Bengali, Amin was against the Bengali language movement of 1952. After participating in the 1970 Pakistani general election, He was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was the first and only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972 and also led Pakistan during the Liberation War of Bangladesh.
Early life
editNurul Amin was born on 15 July 1893 in Shahbazpur, Sarail located in the Tippera District of the Bengal Presidency (now in Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh).[1] He belonged to a Bengali Muslim family from the village of Bahadurpur in Nandail, Mymensingh District.[2] His father was a zamindar, and his grandfather served as the Aʻlā Ṣadr (district judge) under the Nawabs of Bengal.[3][4]
In 1915, Amin passed the college entrance examination from Mymensingh Zilla School, joining Ananda Mohan College two years later to obtain his Intermediate in Arts (I.A); he graduated with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1919.[2] After graduating, Amin took a position teaching at the local school Gaffargaon Islamia Government High School and then another local school in Calcutta, but decided to pursue his career in law.[2] In 1920, Amin began at the University of Calcutta; he gained an LLB in Law and Justice in 1924, and passed the Bar exam the same year. Amin started his career in law after joining the Mymensingh Judge Court Bar.[citation needed]
Public service
editIn 1929, Amin was appointed as a member of the Mymensingh Local Board, and later became a member of the Mymensingh District Board in 1930. In 1932, the British Indian Government appointed him as commissioner of Mymensingh Municipality. In 1937, Amin was appointed as the Chairman of Mymensingh District Board, an assignment he continued until 1945.[citation needed]
During this time, Amin's interest in politics increased. He became an early member of the All-India Muslim League led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah. During this time, Amin was appointed as President of the Muslim League's Mymensingh district unit. In 1944, he was elected vice-president of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League.[citation needed]
In 1945, Amin participated in the Indian general elections, securing a landslide victory. He became a Member, and the following year was elected as the Speaker General of the Bengal Legislative Assembly.[citation needed]
Political role
editPakistan Movement
editAmin became a trusted lieutenant of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in East Bengal, fighting for the rights of Bengali Muslims in British India.[5] Amin took an active part in the Pakistan Movement, organising Bengali Muslims, while he continued to strengthen the Muslim League in Bengal.[5]
In 1946, Jinnah came to visit Bengal, where Amin assisted him. He promised the Bengali nation that, he would build a democratic country.[5] In East Bengal, Amin promoted the unity of Muslims. By the time of the creation of Pakistan, Amin had become one of the leading advocates and activists of the Pakistan Movement; he had wide approval ratings by the Bengali population.[5]
Chief Minister
editAfter the death of Jinnah, Amin was nominated as the Chief Minister of East Bengal in September 1948 by Khawaja Nazimuddin, who succeeded Jinnah as Governor General.[6]
Amin worked for the Muslim League in East Bengal, while continuing his relief programme for the population. As Chief Minister, his relations were significantly strained with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Governor-General of Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin. Soon after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Amin was appointed as Minister of Supply. He was elected as a member of the Pakistan National Assembly from 1947 until 1954.[citation needed] Amin assumed the office of Chief Minister in a few weeks.[6]
Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin.[6] His government did not enjoy enough power, and lacked vision, imagination and initiatives.[6] Amin failed to counter the Communist Party's influence in the region, which widely took the credit for turning the language movement in 1952 into a large unified mass protest.[6]
Language Movement
editDuring Amin's term as Chief Minister, Governor General Nazimuddin (also from East Bengal but bilingual) reiterated the federal government's position that while Bengali was the language of virtually all East Pakistanis as well as the majority of Pakistanis as a whole, it was not to be considered a national language on a par with Urdu.[7] In response, the Bengali Language Movement developed, and the ruling Muslim League lost popularity in East Pakistan. Both Nazimuddin and Amin failed to integrate the East Pakistani population with that of West Pakistan, and eventually the East Pakistan Muslim League lost significant administrative control of the province.[7] Amin on the other hand, held Communist Party responsible for this failure, accusing them of provoking the language movement.[7]
Public dissatisfaction with Amin had grown since October 1951, when Nazimuddin became prime minister. Amin expelled dissidents from within the ranks of the Muslim League, but doing so simply strengthened opposition to the party.[8] In early 1952, students protested against Prime Minister Nazimuddin's declaration in the provincial capital Dacca (now Dhaka) that Urdu would be the sole national language. During the unrest, the civilian East-Pakistan police opened fire, killing four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.[9] Prime Minister Bogra (also a Bengali) visited East Bengal in early 1954 in an attempt to rally support for the League, but it was too late.[8] Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation, and new elections were soon held.
1954 elections
editIn the 1954 provisional elections, the Muslim League was defeated by the United Front, an alliance between the Awami League (led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy), the Krishak Sramik Party (chaired by A. K. Fazlul Huq), the Nizam Islam Party (headed by Maulana Athar Ali), and the Ganatantri Dal (led by Haji Mohammad Danesh and Mahmud Ali), eventually becoming more and more influential in Pakistani politics.[10] It was in this turnover that Amin lost his assembly seat to a veteran student leader of East Pakistan, Khaleque Nawaz Khan, who had also been active in the Language Movement.[11] The Muslim League was effectively eliminated from the provincial political landscape.[12]
Amin served as the president of the East Pakistan Muslim League, and worked to improve its standing. During this time, the Pakistani authorities made reforms, including granting official status to the Bengali language in 1956 alongside Urdu.[13] But after Army Commander General Mohammad Ayub Khan imposed martial law following the successful October 1958 Pakistani coup d'état against the government of President Iskander Mirza, Amin's political career was halted as Ayub Khan disbanded all political parties in the country.[12]
Leader of the opposition
editAmin ran as a candidate in the 1965 presidential elections in East Pakistan, winning the majority vote in the Parliament of Pakistan. He declined working with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of Fatima Jinnah, Amin succeeded Jinnah as Leader of the Opposition, which he held until 1969, after General Yahya Khan imposed martial law again.[citation needed]
Amin in June 1969 merged his National Democratic Front with a dissident group of the Awami League led by Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, the Nizam-e-Islam Party, and Air Marshal (Retd.) Asghar Khan's Justice Party to form the Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP). The new party was ideologically moderate. It strongly supported a united Pakistan. Amin was elected president of the PDP at its first convention.[14]
1970 elections
editIn the 1970 Pakistani general election, the PDP fielded 21 candidates in West Pakistan and 81 in East Pakistan. Of all of them, only Amin won his seat,[14] NE-83-Mymensingh-VIII.[15] He was one of only two non-Awami League candidates elected to the National Assembly that year from East Pakistan.[16]
Liberation War of 1971
editIn March 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War broke out. Amin, long dedicated to a united Pakistan, opposed the separatist movement in his home province of East Pakistan.[17]
As an anti-war and principal Pakistan Movement activist, Amin is considered in Pakistan as a patriot who worked to retain Pakistan as a united nation, however he is considered by many Bangladeshis as a traitor who collaborated with an occupying force accused of genocide and other war crimes.[18]
Prime Ministership and Vice Presidency
edit
Yahya Khan appointed Amin Prime Minister on 6 December 1971.[19] On 20 December 1971, however, Amin's term as prime minister was cut short as Khan resigned, leaving the deputy prime minister (and foreign minister) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to be sworn in as the new president. Two days later, Amin was appointed as Vice President of Pakistan, the only person to have held this post. He was sworn into the post again on 23 April 1972 after the interim constitution came into effect and martial law was lifted. He continued to hold the post until the office was abolished with the entry into force of the new constitution on 14 August 1973.
Death and legacy
editAmin stayed in West Pakistan, while his home region achieved independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. He died of cardiac arrest aged 81 in Rawalpindi on 2 October 1974 and was given a public state funeral by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[20] He was buried in Jinnah Mausoleum, next to Jinnah. His tomb was specially designed, made of Italian white marble, with golden letters for his name and contributions.[20]
Nurul Amin was a trusted lieutenant of Quaid-i-Azam and a valiant fighter for the Pakistan Movement, and for Pakistan. He proved himself to be a crusader of (Pakistan's) solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his efforts, intelligence, and his struggle...
— Malick Meraj Khalid, minister of law and parliamentary affairs, tribute to Nurul Amin, at ninth parliamentary session, 1976, [5]
Amin had written an unpublished autobiography. His second-eldest son, Anwarul Amin Makhon, was the former general manager of BCCI Bangladesh and opened Bangladesh Bank's first branch abroad (in London).[21] Anwarul Amin Makhon was married to the Ekushey Padak-winning writer and poet Razia Khan, the daughter of Pakistan Assembly Speaker Tamizuddin Khan, and had two children: banker Kaiser Tamiz Amin and journalist Aasha Mehreen Amin.[22][23]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Amin, Nurul". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Syedur Rehman; Craig Baxter (2010). Dictionary of Bangladesh. Library of Congress: Scarecrow Publication Inc. pp. 101–223. ISBN 978-0-8108-6766-6.
- ^ Bilgarami, S. A. R., ed. (1949). The Pakistan Year Book & Who's who. Kitabistan. p. 854.
- ^ Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad (1949). Introducing Pakistan. Kitabistan. p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (1976). Parliamentary Debates. Official Report (Honorary Speech by the Prime minister). Parliament of Pakistan, Capital Territory Zone: Parliament of Pakistan. pp. 3–5.
- ^ a b c d e Nair, N.B (1990). Politics in Bangladesh. New Delhi: Northern Book Center. pp. 44, 53, 73, 142. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
- ^ a b c Aklam Hussain, Sirajul Islam (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. pp. 398, 440, 470. ISBN 978-984-512-337-2.
- ^ a b Ziring, Lawrence (1997). Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-19-577816-2.
- ^ Mahmood, Safdar (1997). Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League & Inception of Democracy (1947-54). Lahore: Jang Publishers. p. 116. OCLC 39399433.
- ^ Chatterjee, Pranab (2010). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Peter Lang. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.
- ^ Zaman, Habibuz (1999). Seventy Years in a Shaky Subcontinent. Janus Publishing Company Limited. p. 182. ISBN 1-85756-405-7.
- ^ a b "Elections in Pakistan: Nurul Amin". Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Swarthmore College. "Global Nonviolent Action Database". Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b Mahmood, Safdar (2000). Pakistan: Political Roots and Development, 1947 - 1999. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-19-579373-0.
- ^ Habib, Khaled (1991). Bangladesh: Elections, Parliament & the Cabinet, 1970-91. Dhaka: A. R. Murshed. p. 26. OCLC 27146030.
- ^ Baxter, Craig (March 1971). "Pakistan Votes -- 1970". Asian Survey. 11 (3): 212. doi:10.2307/3024655. JSTOR 3024655.
- ^ Singh, Nagendra Kumar, ed. (2001). "Nurul Amin (1897 — 1974)". Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. IV. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 379. ISBN 81-7648-234-X.
- ^ "Notes on the 1971 collaborators". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry between India and Pakistan. New York: Nation Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-56858-734-9.
- ^ a b Shah, Sabir (26 December 2011). "An overview of Quaid's mausoleum". The News International. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Syeda, Maisha (18 December 2021). "Anwarul Amin's memoir revisits the first Bangladeshi bank established abroad". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
- ^ Mazumder, Ershad (2011), ব্যাঙ্কারদের সামাজিক দায়বদ্ধতা ও মানবিকতা, রাস্তা থেকে বলছি (in Bengali)
- ^ সাহিত্যিক রাজিয়া খানের জন্মদিন আজ. NewsG24 (in Bengali). 16 February 2022.