Omission bias is the phenomenon in which people prefer omission (inaction) over commission (action), and tend to judge harm as a result of commission more negatively than harm as a result of omission.[1][2][3] It can occur due to a number of processes, including psychological inertia,[4] the perception of transaction costs, and the perception that commissions are more causal than omissions.[5]
In social political terms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes how basic human rights are to be assessed in article 2, as "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status." criteria that are often subject to one or another form of omission bias. It is controversial as to whether omission bias is a cognitive bias or is often rational.[4][6] The bias is often showcased through the trolley problem and has also been described as an explanation for the endowment effect and status quo bias.[2][7]
Examples and applications
editTaoism may gnomically promote inaction: "If you follow the Way you shall do less each day. You shall do less and less until you do nothing at all. And if you do nothing at all, there is nothing that is left undone."[8]
Spranca, Minsk and Baron extended the omission bias to judgments of morality of choices. In one scenario, John, a tennis player, would be facing a tough opponent the next day in a decisive match. John knows his opponent is allergic to a food substance. Subjects were presented with two conditions: John recommends the food containing the allergen to hurt his opponent's performance, or the opponent himself orders the allergenic food, and John says nothing. A majority of people judged that John's action of recommending the allergenic food as more immoral than John's inaction of not informing the opponent of the allergenic substance.[9]
The effect has also held in real-world athletic arenas: NBA statistics showcased that referees called 50 percent fewer fouls in the final moments of close games.[10][clarification needed]
An additional real-world example is when parents decide not to vaccinate their children because of the potential chance of death—even when the probability the vaccination will cause death is much less likely than death from the disease prevented.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Yeung, Siu Kit; Yay, Tijen; Feldman, Gilad (9 September 2021). "Action and Inaction in Moral Judgments and Decisions: Meta-Analysis of Omission Bias Omission-Commission Asymmetries". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 48 (10): 1499–1515. doi:10.1177/01461672211042315. PMID 34496694. S2CID 237453626.
- ^ a b Ritov, Ilana; Baron, Jonathan (February 1992). "Status-quo and omission biases". Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 5 (1). doi:10.1007/BF00208786. S2CID 143857417.
- ^ Baron, Jonathan; Ritov, Ilana (September 1994). "Reference Points and Omission Bias". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 59 (3): 475–498. doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1070.
- ^ a b Gal, David (July 2006). "A Psychological Law of Inertia and the Illusion of Loss Aversion" (PDF). Judgment and Decision Making. 1: 23–32. doi:10.1017/S1930297500000322.
- ^ Yeung, Siu Kit; Yay, Tijen; Feldman, Gilad (9 September 2021). "Action and Inaction in Moral Judgments and Decisions: Meta-Analysis of Omission Bias Omission-Commission Asymmetries". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 48 (10): 1499–1515. doi:10.1177/01461672211042315. PMID 34496694. S2CID 237453626.
- ^ Howard-Snyder, Frances (2011). "Doing vs. Allowing Harm". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ Gal, David; Rucker, Derek D.; Shavitt, Sharon (July 2018). "The Loss of Loss Aversion: Will It Loom Larger Than Its Gain?". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 28 (3): 497–516. doi:10.1002/jcpy.1047. S2CID 148956334.
- ^ Tao Te Ching, chapter 48.
- ^ Spranca, Mark; Minsk, Elisa; Baron, Jonathan (1991). "Omission and commission in judgment and choice". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 27 (1): 76–105. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.137.9435. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90011-T.
- ^ Moskowitz, Tobias; Wertheim, L. Jon (2011). Scorecasting: The Hidden Influences Behind How Sports Are Played and Games Are Won. Crown Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-307-59181-4.
- ^ Ritov, Ilana; Baron, Jonathan (October 1990). "Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 3 (4): 263–277. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960030404.
Bibliography
edit- Baron, Jonathan (2006). "Omission versus commission". Thinking and Deciding (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-521-68043-1.
- Asch, David A.; Baron, Jonathan; Hershey, John C.; Kunreuther, Howard; Meszaros, Jacqueline; Ritov, Ilana; Spranca, Mark (2 July 2016). "Omission Bias and Pertussis Vaccination". Medical Decision Making. 14 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1177/0272989X9401400204. PMID 8028464. S2CID 24734424.