Onomarchus (Ancient Greek: Ὀνόμαρχος) was general of the Phocians in the Third Sacred War, brother of Philomelus and son of Theotimus. After his brother's death he became commander of the Phocians and pursued a warmongering policy until his final defeat.
Commander of the Phocians
editOnomarchus commanded a division of the Phocian army under his brother, Philomelus, in the action at Tithorea, in which Philomelus perished. After the battle Onomarchus gathered the remains of the Phocian army and retreated to Delphi. An assembly of the people was held, in which Onomarchus strongly urged the prosecution of the war—in opposition to the counsels of the more moderate party.
In the winter of 354 / 353 BC, the Phocians decided to make Onomarchus supreme commander,[1] in place of Philomelus. As far as the funding of his campaign was concerned, Onomarchus went a step further than his brother and predecessor, who had 'borrowed' from the sacred treasures of Delphi, keeping, however, scrupulous records. He actually confiscated the property of all those states who were opposed to Phocis and made full use of the accumulated wealth of the shrine. Using the treasures of Delphi he was able to assemble and maintain a large body of mercenary troops, in addition to bribing many of the hostile states, allowing him to influence the Thessalians to abandon their allies and take up a neutral position. Thus, disencumbered from his most dangerous antagonists, he was more than a match for his remaining foes.
Onomarchus was also given to presenting handsome young men whom he took as favorites with expensive gifts among those offered to the treasures of Delphi.[2]
Campaigning
editOnomarchus' campaigning began in 353 BC.[1] He invaded Locris, took the town of Thronium, compelled Amphissa to surrender, ravaged the Dorian Tetrapolis, and finally turned his arms against Boeotia, where he took Orchomenus and laid siege to Chaeronea, but was compelled to retreat without effecting anything more.
Following the siege of Chaeronea, his assistance was requested by Lycophron, a tyrant of Pherae who was being attacked by Philip II of Macedon. At first Onomarchus sent his brother Phayllus into Thessaly with an army of 7000 men, but they were defeated by Philip's armies. Onomarchus then marched with his entire force to support Lycophron, defeated Philip in two successive battles, and drove him out of Thessaly.
Onomarchus then returned to Boeotia, whose forces he defeated in a battle and took the city of Coroneia. He was recalled once more to the assistance of Lycophron, against Philip, who had again invaded Thessaly. Onomarchus hastened to support his ally with an infantry of 20,000 men and a cavalry of 500 (another source suggests 3000 horse[3]). Philip, however, outnumbered him: a pitched battle ensued, in which the superiority of the Thessalian cavalry decided the victory in favour of Philip.
Defeat
editOnomarchus was defeated in the Battle of the Crocus Field. This battle was fought in c. 352 BC between the armies of Phocis, under Onomarchos, and the combined Thessalian and Macedonian army under Philip II. The Phocians were decisively defeated by Philip's forces.[4][5]
Death
editThe details concerning Onomarchus' death in 352 BC vary in the written sources.[6] Reportedly, Onomarchus and many of the fugitives plunged into the sea in the hope of swimming to the Athenian ships under Chares which were lying off the shore. The Roman historian, Eusebius states he drowned in this effort.[7] Diodorus (XVI 35 [8]) asserts he was taken prisoner and put to death by Phillip.[9] Pausanias states that he died from the darts of his own soldiers.
Onomarchus' body fell into the hands of Philip, who had it crucified as punishment for his sacrilege. Some sources relate that he also killed 3000 Phocian hostages as a punishment for the sacrilege they committed against the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi two years earlier.
References
edit- ^ a b Sealey, R. (1976). A History of the Greek City States, Ca. 700-338 B.C.. University of California Press. p. 467. ISBN 0520031776.
- ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 13.83
- ^ von Ranke, L.; Prothero, G.W. (30 October 2014). Universal History. Cambridge University Press. p. 380. ISBN 9781108075183. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
- ^ Buckley, T. (21 August 2006). Aspects of Greek History: A Source-Based Approach. Routledge. p. 351. ISBN 1134857330.
- ^ Carney, E.; Ogden, D. (26 May 2010). Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199890002.
- ^ Roisman, J. (12 July 2011). Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: The Evidence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405127752.
- ^ Gabriel, R.A. (31 Aug 2010). Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1597975681.
- ^ Parker, V. (19 November 2013). A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118559338.
- ^ Anthon, Charles (1841). A Classical Dictionary: Containing ... Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, and Intended to Elucidate ... Points Connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans ... an Account of Coins, Weights and Measures. Harper & Bros.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Onomarchus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
