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Path (Toronto)

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Path (stylized as PATH)[1] is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels, elevated walkways, and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It connects more than 70 buildings via 30 kilometres (19 mi) of tunnels, walkways, and shopping areas. According to Guinness World Records, Path is the largest underground shopping complex in the world, with 371,600 square metres (4,000,000 sq ft) of retail space[2] which includes over 1,200 retail fronts (2016).[3] As of 2016, over 200,000 residents and workers use the Path system daily with the number of private dwellings within walking distance at 30,115.[3]

Path
Path logo
Path network viewed from under Commerce Court
Map
LocationToronto, Ontario, Canada
Coordinates43°39′N 79°23′W / 43.65°N 79.38°W / 43.65; -79.38
Opening date1900 – first pedestrian tunnel in Toronto
1960–1970s – construction begins of underground shopping concourses and linkages
1987 – City becomes coordinating agency of network
ManagementCity of Toronto government (coordinating agency)
No. of stores and services1,200
Total retail floor area371,600 m2 (4,000,000 sq ft)
No. of floors1
Parking20 parking garages
Websitewww.toronto.ca/path/

The Path network's northern point is the Atrium on Bay at Dundas Street and Bay Street, including a now-closed tunnel to the former Toronto Coach Terminal, while its southern point is Waterpark Place on Queens Quay. Its main north–south axes of walkways generally parallel Yonge and Bay Streets, while its main east–west axis parallels King Street.

There is continuous expansion of the Path system around Union Station. Two towers being built as part of CIBC Square will be linked to the Path system, extending it to the east to cross over Yonge Street by a pedestrian bridge into the Backstage Condominium building (Esplanade and Yonge corner), giving closed access to Union Station, Scotiabank Arena, and other buildings in Toronto's Financial District.

History

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Early pedestrian tunnels

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Toronto's first public pedestrian tunnel under construction c. 1900. The tunnels connected the buildings of the Eaton's Annex.

In 1900, the Eaton's department store constructed a tunnel underneath James Street, allowing shoppers to walk between the Eaton's main store at Yonge and Queen streets and the Eaton's Annex located behind the (then) City Hall. It was the first underground pedestrian pathway in Toronto and is often credited as a historic precursor to the current Path network. The original Eaton's tunnel is still in use as part of the Path system, although today it connects Toronto Eaton Centre to the Bell Trinity Square office complex on the site of the former Annex building.

Another original underground linkage, built in 1927 to connect Union Station and the Royal York Hotel, remained an integral part of the Path network for many years until it was replaced by a newer connection between the Royal York Hotel and Royal Bank Plaza, which continues onward to Union Station.[2]

Expansion

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Longo's market situated in Path. The utilization of the tunnel network as retail space began in the mid-20th century.

The network of underground walkways expanded under city planner Matthew Lawson in the 1960s. Toronto's downtown sidewalks were overcrowded, and new office towers were removing the much-needed small businesses from the streets. Lawson thus convinced several important developers to construct underground malls, pledging that they would eventually be linked. The designers of the Toronto-Dominion Centre, the first of Toronto's major urban developments in the 1960s (completed in 1967), were the first to include underground shopping in their complex, with the possibility of future expansion built in. The city originally helped fund the construction, but with the election of a reform city council, this practice ended. The reformers disliked the underground system, agreeing with Jane Jacobs's notion that an active street life was important in keeping cities and neighbourhoods vital and that consumers should be encouraged to shop on street level stores rather than in malls (whether they be above ground or below); however, the system continued to grow, as developers bowed to their tenants' wishes and connected their buildings to the system. This also converted low-valued basements into some of the most valuable retail space in the country.

The next expansion of the network occurred in the early 1970s with the construction and underground connection of the Richmond-Adelaide Centre office tower with the Sheraton Centre hotel complex.

21st century

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Work on new Path tunnels at Union Station, 2014

Construction of the Path tunnel north from Scotia Plaza through the Bay Adelaide Centre started in the fourth quarter of 2007. Completion of this section closed the last remaining gap in the north–south route through Path that parallels Yonge Street, thus eliminating the need to double back from Bay Street to get between buildings located on the eastern edge of Path.

In 2011, the City of Toronto released a long-term expansion plan for the Path network, developed by Urban Strategies Inc.[4][5] As part of the expansion plan, there will be 45 new entry points, and the walkway expanded to as long as 60 kilometres (37 mi) when changes are completed.[6]

In August 2014, a major southward expansion of the Path network brought it closer to the Toronto waterfront, with the opening of a covered pedestrian bridge connecting Scotiabank Arena south to RBC WaterPark Place on Queens Quay (crossing the Lake Shore Boulevard / Gardiner Expressway corridor and Harbour Street).[7]

The City of Toronto constructed a 300-metre (980 ft), $65-million tunnel connecting Union Station to Wellington Street, the first publicly owned segment[clarification needed] of the 370,000-square-metre (4,000,000 sq ft) Path subterranean shopping district. Toronto planners have begun work to guide future Path development and ensure Path construction is included in basement levels of key new buildings.[8]

The network was particularly hard-hit during the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, with Bloomberg News calling the area a "ghost town". The pedestrian system's narrow halls in some locations were noted as a particular challenge, even once downtown employees returned to the office. The Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area has planned various movement modifications to the space for future use.[9]

In early November 2020, a connection was opened between the Maple Leaf Square complex (via the basement-level Longo's supermarket) and ÏCE Condominiums at York Centre.[10] On December 5, 2020, the new Union Station Bus Terminal was opened within the new CIBC Square complex and connected via a skywalk to the Scotiabank Arena.[11]

Design

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Path provides an important contribution to the economic viability of the city's downtown core and is also used to supplement sidewalk capacity in downtown Toronto.[12] The system facilitates pedestrian linkages to public transit, accommodating more than 200,000 daily commuters and thousands of additional tourists and residents en route to sports and cultural events. Its underground nature provides pedestrians with a safe haven from the winter cold and snow, as well as relief from the summer heat and humidity.[13]

Coordination and signage

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Previous-generation directional signage for Path. Signs used a colour-coded system, with different colours representing different cardinal directions.

In 1987, City Council adopted a unified wayfinding system throughout the network. The design firms Gottschalk+Ash International and Muller Design Associates were hired to design and implement the overall system in consultation with a diverse group of land owners, City staff and stakeholders. A colour-coded system with directional cues was deployed in the early 1990s. Within the various buildings, pedestrians can find a Path system map, plus cardinal directions (red for south, orange for west, blue for north, yellow for east) on ceiling signs at selected junctions. These same colours are also used in the Path logo.

The signage can be hard to find inside some of the various connected buildings. Building owners concerned about losing customers to neighbouring buildings insisted any signage not dominate their buildings or their own signage system. The city relented and the result is the current system. Many complain the system is hard to navigate.[14]

New Path signage

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In 2016, the Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area (FDBIA) and City of Toronto began study of updating Path signage and maps to make navigation easier.[15] In 2018, Steer Davies Gleave completed design of a new wayfinding system that is still used today.[16] This system was rolled out in some buildings in 2018. In 2024, the FDBIA completed a comprehensive update of all existing Path installations that brought this system to all buildings with Path installations.

The new system no longer uses the colour-coded compass system and refers to neighbourhoods and landmarks instead. The system also integrates with TO360, Toronto’s neighbourhood mapping and wayfinding system.

 
A modern Path sign. Current-generation Path signs list neighbourhoods and landmark destinations to speed navigation.

Connected facilities

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More than 50 buildings or office towers are connected through the Path system. It comprises twenty parking garages, five subway stations, two major department stores, two major shopping centres, six major hotels, and a railway terminal. The CN Tower, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada, and Rogers Centre are connected via an enclosed elevated walkway, called the SkyWalk, from Union Station, although the walkway does not have indoor connections to these attractions.

 
Path walkway under the Gardiner Expressway and over Lake Shore Boulevard
 
An elevated portion of Path, the SkyWalk, connects Union Station to several attractions south of the station.
 
Lobby of the Sheraton Centre Hotel Toronto before renovation; the entrance to Path is at bottom left.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "PATH – Downtown Toronto pedestrian walkway". City of Toronto. August 15, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "PATH – Toronto's Downtown Underground Pedestrian Walkway". Archived from the original on June 20, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Hume, Grant (February 2016). "Downtown PATH makes North American history as a mall". The Bulletin. p. 6.
  4. ^ Mills, Carry (September 6, 2012). "Toronto mulls plan to expand world's largest underground shopping complex". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "PATH Master Plan Study". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  6. ^ Marcus, Stephanie (September 26, 2007). "PATH to Connect Ryerson". page 1. Archived March 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine; page 5 Archived March 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. The Ryersonian.
  7. ^ "PATH expands with new pedestrian bridge to waterfront". CTV News. August 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  8. ^ Kryhul, Angela (June 29, 2010). "Toronto Shines a Light on Underground PATH". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  9. ^ Frank, Steven; Mergulhao, Sandra; Alexander, Doug (May 31, 2020). "Toronto's PATH network faces bleak future with bankers MIA". BNN Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  10. ^ "PATH Network expansion Post 472". Urban Toronto. November 10, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  11. ^ Money, Scott (November 16, 2020). "Toronto's new Union Station Bus Terminal gets ready to open – Here's what you need to know to get on the bus". Metrolinx. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  12. ^ "Increase space for walking" (PDF). Downtown Mobility Strategy. City of Toronto. April 2018. p. 40. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  13. ^ "PATH – Toronto's Downtown Underground Pedestrian Walkway – Getting Here & Around – Visitor Information Services". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  14. ^ Lakey, Jack (August 26, 2009). "For Some Visitors, It's a PATH That Leads Nowhere". Toronto Star. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  15. ^ Economic Study - New PATH Wayfinding System. N Barry Lyon Consultants Limited (2016).
  16. ^ PATH Wayfinding Contract Certification Letter. FDBIA (2018).
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