The green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) is a species of cichlid fish that is native to fresh and brackish water habitats in some parts in India such as Kerala, Goa, Chilika Lake in Odisha and Sri Lanka. The species was first described by Marcus Elieser Bloch in 1790.[2] This species and other members of the genus Etroplus are relatively closely related to the Paretroplus cichlids from Madagascar.[3]
| Green chromide | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | Etroplus |
| Species: | E. suratensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)
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Other common names include pearlspot cichlid,[1] banded pearlspot, and striped chromide.[4] In Kerala, it is known locally as karimeen. In Tamil Nadu, it is known locally as the pappan or pappa[5] In Goa, the fish is known as kalundar.[6] In Odisha, the local name is kundal.[7] In Sri Lanka this fish is known as Mal koraliya.
It has been introduced in various parts of the world outside its native range,[1] including Singapore, where it occurs in estuaries.[8] The Government of Kerala declared pearlspot as the official fish of Kerala.
Habitat and behavior
editThe green chromide lives in brackish water habitat types, such as river deltas. It eats mainly aquatic plants, including filamentous algae and diatoms, but it consumes the occasional mollusk and other animal matter. This species engages in attentive parental care in which several adults care for each brood.[1]
Appearance
editThe adult is oval in shape with a short snout. It is grey green with dark barring and a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fin.[1] It commonly reaches 20 cm (8 in) in length, and the maximum length is twice that.[2]
Relationship with humans
editEtroplus suratensis is a popular food fish and it is considered a delicacy.[9]
Etroplus suratensis and E. maculatus form the main species and the former is dominant among pearl spots in reservoirs of India. They mainly feed on detritus and occupy the same niche as that of Oreochromis mossambicus. These fishes are a popular delicacy but their biomass is very low in reservoirs compared to other cichlids.[10]
In 2010 this species was named the official state fish of Kerala. The following year was declared "The Year of the Karimeen". Karimeen pollichathu, a fried dish, is a delicacy served in restaurants. Due to low number of production and high demand, the species have often been expensive to the public.[11] Production of the species for food is expected to increase in the near future.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ a b c d e Abraham, R. (2011). "Etroplus suratensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T172368A6877592. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172368A6877592.en.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Etroplus suratensis". FishBase. July 2011 version.
- ^ Sparks, John S. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 599–614. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00225-2. PMID 15012941.
- ^ Common names of Etroplus suratensis. FishBase. 2015.
- ^ a b Basheer, K.P.M. (9 July 2010). "Karimeen leaps from frying pan to State fish". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ "Good Goan Food: Local (Konkani) names for Common Fish in Goa". 2011-11-25.
- ^ Jones, S.; Sujansingani, K. H. (1954). "Fish and Fisheries of the Chilka Lake with Statistics of Fish Catches for the Years 1948-1950" (PDF). Indian Journal of Fisheries: 342. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Green Chromide. Guide to Common Marine Fishes of Singapore.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archived 2021-04-24 at the Wayback Machine April 2011.
- ^ Feroz Khan, M.; Panikkar, Preetha (2009). "Assessment of impacts of invasive fishes on the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a tropical reservoir in India". Ecological Modelling. 220 (18): 2281–2290. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.020.
- ^ "Something fishy? Despite huge demand, karimeen farming in Kerala in the doldrums". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
External links
edit- Pearl-spot. Fresh water fishes of Karnataka. ENVIS Centre.