Wikipedia

Nativity scene

(Redirected from Presepio)

In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche (/krɛʃ/ or /kreɪʃ/), or in Italian presepio or presepe, or Bethlehem) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmas season, of art objects representing the birth of Jesus.[1][2] While the term "nativity scene" may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the Nativity of Jesus in art, it has a more specialized sense referring to seasonal displays, in particular sets of individual sculptural figures and props that are arranged for display.

Neapolitan presepio at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh
Detail of an elaborate Neapolitan presepio in Rome

Other characters from the nativity story, such as shepherds, sheep, and angels may be displayed near the manger in a barn (or cave) intended to accommodate farm animals, as described in the Gospel of Luke. A donkey and an ox are typically depicted in the scene, and the Magi and their camels, described in the Gospel of Matthew, are also included. Many also include a representation of the Star of Bethlehem. Several cultures add other characters and objects that may or may not be Biblical.

The first living nativity scene, attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi, occurred in 1223 in the Italian town of Greccio. Francis had been inspired by his visit to the Holy Land, where he had been shown Jesus's traditional birthplace.

Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world, and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches, homes, shopping malls, and other venues, and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings. Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy, and in the United States of America their inclusion on public lands or in public buildings has provoked court challenges.

Origins and early history

edit
 
St. Francis at Greccio by Giotto, 1295

The tradition of the nativity scene comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the early Christian Roman catacomb of Saint Valentine.[3] It dates to about AD 380.[4] Another, of similar date, is beneath the pulpit in Sant'Ambrogio, Milan.

The first seasonal nativity scene, which seems to have been a dramatic rather than sculptural rendition, is attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi. Francis' 1223 living nativity scene is commemorated on the calendars of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican liturgical calendars,[5][6][7][8] and its creation[5] is described by Saint Bonaventure in his Life of Saint Francis of Assisi c. 1260.[9]

Saint Francis' manger scene is said to have been enacted at Christmas 1223 in a cave near the Sanctuary of Greccio in the Central Italy town of Greccio. The very small chapel where it is said to have taken place survives. The painting over its altar, and others before 1400, by Giotto at the Assisi Lower Church, and by Antonio Vite in Pistoia, depict Saint Francis kneeling and placing a small baby into a chest-like manger. Giotto adds a miniature ox and ass.

 
Crib set by Arnolfo di Cambio, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome c. 1290

A substantial set of stone figures by Arnolfo di Cambio, a leading sculptor of the day, was made for Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome around 1290. The surviving portion includes figures for the Holy Family, the Three Kings, and the ox and ass from the neck up.

The scene's popularity inspired much imitation throughout Christian countries, and in the early modern period sculpted cribs, often exported from Italy, were set up in many Christian churches and homes.[10] These elaborate scenes reached their artistic apogee in the Papal State, in Emilia, in the Kingdom of Naples and in Genoa. In the tradition of the Moravian Church, nativity scenes have been the center of the Christmas putz, which is "built to tell the Good News of the coming of the Christ Child" and "is the Gospel in miniature from Isaiah’s prophecy and Mary’s annunciation to the visit of the wisemen and the flight into Egypt."[11][12]

 
Nativity of Cretan School by Victor circa 1676

For Moravian Christians, the nativity scene serves to celebrate "the story of the wonder of Christ’s birth so that the Son of God can be welcomed into the hearts of the home at the Christmas."[11][12] By the end of the 19th century nativity scenes became widely popular in many Christian denominations, and many versions in various sizes and made of various materials, such as terracotta, paper, wood, wax, and ivory, were marketed, often with a backdrop setting of a stable.[1]

Different traditions of nativity scenes emerged in different countries. Hand-painted santons are popular in Provence. In southern Germany, Austria and Trentino-Alto Adige, the wooden figurines are handcut. Colorful szopki are typical in Poland.

In the United States, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City annually displays a Neapolitan Baroque nativity scene before a 20 feet (6.1 m) blue spruce.[13]

Components

edit

Static nativity scenes

edit
 
Outdoor nativity scene of life-sized figurines in Barcelona (2009)

Static nativity scenes depict Jesus, Mary, Joseph, farm animals, and sometimes other characters.[14] While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord.[6]

The nativity scene may not accurately reflect gospel events. With no basis in the gospels, for example, the shepherds, the Magi, and the ox and ass may be displayed together at the manger. The art form can be traced back to eighteenth-century Naples, Italy. Neapolitan nativity scenes do not represent Palestine at the time of Jesus but the life of the Naples of 1700, during the Bourbon period. Families competed with each other to produce the most elegant and elaborate scenes and so, next to the Child Jesus, to the Holy Family and the shepherds, were placed ladies and gentlemen of the nobility, representatives of the bourgeoisie of the time, vendors with their banks and miniatures of cheese, bread, sheep, pigs, ducks or geese, and typical figures of the time like Roma fortune tellers predicting the future, people playing cards, housewives doing shopping, dogs, cats and chickens.[15]

Living nativity scenes

edit
 
Living nativity in Sicily, which also contains a mock rural 19th-century village
See also: Nativity play

In southern Italy, living nativity scenes (presepe vivente) are extremely popular. They may be elaborate affairs, featuring not only the classic nativity scene but also a mock rural 19th-century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their trades. These attract many visitors and have been televised on RAI. In 2010, the old city of Matera in Basilicata hosted the world's largest living nativity scene of the time, which was performed in the historic center, Sassi.[16]

Animals in nativity scenes

edit
 
The ox, the ass, and the infant Jesus in one of the earliest depictions of the nativity, (Ancient Roman Christian sarcophagus, 4th century)

A donkey (or ass) and an ox typically appear in nativity scenes. Besides the necessity of animals for an operating manger, this is an allusion to the Book of Isaiah: "the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider" (Isaiah 1:3). The Gospels mention neither an ox and nor a donkey, however.[17] Another source for the tradition might be the extracanonical text the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew of the 7th century.[18][19]

 
Living scene in Germany

Traditions

edit

Australia

edit
 
Nativity Scene at St. Elizabeth's, Dandenong North. Creator and Artist Wilson Fernandez

Christmas is celebrated by Australians in a number of ways. In Australia, it is summer season and is very hot during Christmas time.

During the Christmas time, locals and visitors visit places around their towns and suburbs to view the outdoor and indoor displays. All over the towns, the places are lit with colorful and modern spectacular lighting displays. The displays of nativity scenes with Aussie featured native animals like kangaroos and koalas are also evident.[citation needed]

In Melbourne, a traditional and authentic nativity Scene is on display at St. Elizabeth's Parish, Dandenong North. This annual Australian Nativity Scene creator and artist Wilson Fernandez has been building and creating the traditional nativity scenes since 2003 at St. Elizabeth's Parish.[20]

To mark this special event, Most Reverend Denis Hart Archbishop of Melbourne celebrated the Vigil Mass and blessed the nativity scene on Saturday, 14 December 2013.[21]

Australian Nativity Scene (ANS) gained popularity and recognition over the years and in December 2016, the Australian Channel 7 captured the news of this famous creativity.

Shalom World, the Catholic, commercial-free, 24/7, HD family entertainment channel, reached out to the world with a live telecast on Australian Nativity Scene on 24 December 2022. On 2 December 2023, Australian Nativity Scene marked its 20 years—a great moment for St Elizabeth’s Parish in Dandenong. To mark this occasion, Archbishop Peter A Comensoli celebrated the Vigil Mass on the first Sunday of Advent (Saturday 2 December). Here is an article to mark the celebration - ‘Back in time’: Australian Nativity Scene celebrates 20 years

Canada

edit

Bethlehem Live is an all-volunteer living nativity produced by Gateway Christian Community Church in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The production includes a reconstruction of the ancient town of Bethlehem and seven individual vignettes. There is also an annual, highly publicized nativity scene at the St. Patrick's Basilica, Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario.[22][23]

Czech Republic

edit
 
Part of the Krýza's crèche – a castle

The Czech Republic, and the cultures represented in its predecessors i.e. Czechoslovakia and the lands of former Bohemia, have a long tradition regarding betlémy (literally "Bethlehems"), crèches. The tradition of home nativity scenes is often traced to the 1782 ban of church and institutional crèches by emperor Joseph II, officially responding to public disturbances and the resulting "loss of dignity" of such displays.[24][25] As this followed the Edict of Toleration proclaimed the previous year, it reduced State support of the Catholic church in this multi-confessional land.[26][27]

Třebechovice pod Orebem

edit
Main article: Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib

The Museum of Nativity Scenes in Třebechovice pod Orebem has over 400 examples dated from the 18th until early 20th century, including the Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib, so called Třebechovice's Bethlehem.

The issue of cost arose, and paper-cut crèches, "the crèche of the poor", became one major expression,[28] as well as wood-carved ones, some of them complex and detailed. Many major Czech artists, sculptors and illustrators have as a significant part of their legacy the crèches that they created.

The following people are known for creating Czech paper crèches:

Krýza's crèche

edit
Main article: Krýza's crèche

Tomáš Krýza (1838–1918) built in a period of over 60 years a nativity scene covering 60 m2 (length 17 m, size and height 2 m) which contains 1,398 figures of humans and animals, of which 133 are moveable. It is on display in southern Bohemian town Jindřichův Hradec. It figures as the largest mechanical nativity scene in the world in the Guinness Book of World Records.[29]

Gingerbread crèches

edit

Gingerbread nativity scenes and cribs in the church of St. Matthew in Šárka (Prague 6 Dejvice) have around 200 figures and houses, the tradition dates from since 1972; every year new ones are baked and after holidays eaten.[citation needed]

Italy

edit
 
The Neapolitan nativity scene of the Royal Palace of Caserta.[30]

The Neapolitan nativity scene is a representation of the birth of Jesus traditionally set in Naples in the 18th century.[30]

The Neapolitan crib art has remained unchanged for centuries, becoming part of the most consolidated and followed Christmas traditions of the city. Famous in Naples, in fact, is the well-known via dei presepi (via San Gregorio Armeno) which offers a showcase of all the local crafts concerning the nativity scene.

Moreover, there are numerous city and non-city museums (such as the museum of San Martino or the Royal Palace of Caserta) in which historical pieces or entire scenes set during the birth of Jesus are exhibited.[31]

Philippines (Belén)

edit
See also: Christmas in the Philippines, Panunulúyan, and Parol
 
A Belén set up in the altar of the Candon Church in the Philippines with a parol above it

In the majority-Catholic Philippines, miniature, full-scale, or giant dioramas or tableaus of the nativity scene are known as Belén (from the Spanish name for Bethlehem). They were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an iconic and ubiquitous Christmas symbol in the Philippines, on par with the parol (Christmas lanterns depicting the Star of Bethlehem) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the Belén and the parol were the traditional Christmas decorations in Filipino homes before Americans introduced the Christmas tree.[32][33][34][35][36] Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a Belén at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold nativity plays), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces.[37][38][39]

The city of Tarlac holds an annual competition of giant Belén in a festival known as "Belenismo sa Tarlac".[40][41][42]

United States

edit
 
White House nativity scene, 2008

Perhaps the best known nativity scene in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually in the Medieval Sculpture Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Its backdrop is a 1763 choir screen from the Cathedral of Valladolid and a twenty-foot blue spruce decorated with a host of 18th-century angels. The nativity figures are placed at the tree's base. The crèche was the gift of Loretta Hines Howard in 1964, and the choir screen was the gift of The William Randolph Hearst Foundation in 1956.[43] Both this presepio and the one displayed in Pittsburgh originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.

A life-size nativity scene has been displayed annually at Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah for several decades as part of the large outdoor Christmas displays sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Each holiday season, from Light Up Night in November through Epiphany in January, the Pittsburgh Crèche is on display in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Creche is the world's only authorized replica of the Vatican's Christmas crèche, on display in St. Peter's Square in Rome.[44] Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art also displays a Neapolitan presepio. The presepio was handcrafted between 1700 and 1830, and re-creates the nativity within a panorama of 18th-century Italian village life. More than 100 human and angelic figures, along with animals, accessories, and architectural elements, cover 250 square feet and create a depiction of the nativity as seen through the eyes of Neapolitan artisans and collectors.[45]

The Radio City Christmas Spectacular, an annual musical holiday stage show presented at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, features a Living Nativity segment with live animals.[46][47]

In 2005, President of the United States of America, George W. Bush and his wife, First Lady of the United States, Laura Bush displayed an 18th-century Italian presepio. The presepio was donated to the White House in the last decades of the 20th century.[48]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh annually display Neapolitan Baroque nativity scenes which both originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.

Associations and notable collections

edit

The Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica, World association of Friends of Cribs was founded in 1952, counting today 20 national associations dedicated to this subject. The Central office is in Austria.[49]

In the United States and Canada Friends of the Creche has over 200 members, with a major conference every two years.[50] FotC maintains a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in the United States and a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in other parts of the world.

The Bavarian National Museum displays a notable collection of nativity scenes from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries.

Every year in Lanciano, Abruzzo (Italy), a nativity scene exhibition (called in Italian "Riscopriamo il presepe") takes place at Auditorium Diocleziano, usually until 6 January. An average of one hundred nativity scenes are shown, coming from every region of Italy. There are also many nativity scenes made by local kindergarten, primary, secondary and high school. The event is organised by Associazione Amici di Lancianovecchia[51]

Museums dedicated specifically to paper nativity scenes exist in Pečky (Czech Republic).[52]

 
A static outdoor nativity scene in the United States, (Christkindlmarket, Chicago, Illinois)

Controversies

edit

Europe

edit

Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy. A life-sized scene in the United Kingdom featuring waxwork celebrities provoked outrage in 2004,[53] and, in Spain, a city council forbade the exhibition of a traditional toilet humor character[54] in a public nativity scene.

United States

edit

Nativity scenes have been involved in controversies and lawsuits surrounding the principle of accommodationism.[55]

In 1969, the American Civil Liberties Union did not want a nativity scene at The Ellipse. After the matter was resolved by the United States Court of Appeals, the nativity scene was not displayed in 1973.[56]

 
A nativity scene inside an American home.
 
Nativity scenes are permitted on public lands in the United States as long as equal time is given to non-religious symbols.

In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in ACLU v. Scarsdale, New York that nativity scenes on public lands were unconstitutional unless they also displayed non-religious symbols.[57] This principle was further clarified in 1989, when Pittsburgh attorney Roslyn Litman argued, and the Supreme Court in County of Allegheny v. ACLU ruled,[58] that a crèche placed on the grand staircase of the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, PA violated the Establishment Clause, because the "principal or primary effect" of the display was to advance religion.

In 2006, a lawsuit by the Alliance Defense Fund, a Christian legal organization in the United States, was brought against the state of Washington when it permitted a public display of a holiday tree and a menorah but not a nativity scene. Because of the lawsuit, the decision was made to permit a nativity scene to be displayed in the rotunda of the state Capitol, in Olympia, as long as other symbols of the season were included.[59]

In 2013, Gov. Rick Perry signed into Texas law the Merry Christmas bill which would allow school districts in Texas to display nativity scenes.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) claimed in 2014 that animals in living displays lacked proper care and suffered abuse.[60] In the United States, nativity scenes on public lands and in public buildings have provoked court challenges, and the prankish theft of ceramic or plastic nativity figurines from outdoor displays has become commonplace.[61]

Spain

edit
Main article: Caganer

There is a regional tradition in the Catalonia region where an additional figure is added to the nativity scene: the Caganer. It depicts a person defecating. In 2005, the Barcelona city council provoked a public outcry by commissioning a nativity scene which did not include a Caganer.[62]

edit
  •  
    The Chapel of the First Live Nativity, in Greccio Italy, is believed to be where Saint Francis of Assisi presented the first live nativity scene.
  •  
    Christmas crib on the Saint Peter's square, Vatican
  •  
    Living nativity at St. Wojciech Church, Wyszków, Poland, 2006
  •  
    Christmas crib inside the Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican
  •  
    Nativity scene in Buchach, Ukraine
  •  
    Nativity scene in Buenos Aires (1924)
  •  
    Nativity scene in St. Wendel
  •  
    Nativity scene in the Netherlands
  •  
    Christmas crib
  •  
    Crib family with shepherds at the crib exhibition in Bamberg 2015
  •  
    Abstract nativity display in a home.
  •  
    Nativity display at the St. Xavier's Church of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
  •  
    Christmas crib outside a Catholic church Goa, India
  •  
    Christmas crib and tree display in House Mumbai, India.
  •  
    Close up of Outdoor Christmas Crib in Siolim, Goa, India December 2023
  •  
    Peruvian crucifix with nativity scene at its base, c. 1960
  •  
    Christmas crib parish Church St. James in Ebing, Germany

See also

edit
  • Weihnachtsberg – a traditional Christmas mountain scene that combines the nativity scene with mining motifs

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "Introduction to Christmas Season". General Board of Discipleship (GBOD). The United Methodist Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015. Christmas is a season of praise and thanksgiving for the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ, which begins with Christmas Eve (December 24 after sundown) or Day and continues through the Day of Epiphany. The name Christmas comes from the season's first service, the Christ Mass. Epiphany comes from the Greek word epiphania, which means "manifestation." New Year's Eve or Day is often celebrated in the United Methodist tradition with a Covenant Renewal Service. In addition to acts and services of worship for the Christmas Season on the following pages, see The Great Thanksgivings and the scripture readings for the Christmas Season in the lectionary.... Signs of the season include a Chrismon tree, a nativity scene (include the magi on the Day of Epiphany), a Christmas star, angels, poinsettias, and roses.
  2. ^ Berliner, R. The Origins of the Creche. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 30 (1946), p. 251.
  3. ^ Osborne, John (31 May 2020). Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-87372-7.
  4. ^ Tuleja, Thaddeus F. (1999). Curious Customs: The Stories Behind More Than 300 Popular American Rituals. BBS Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57866-070-4. Francis Weiser (1952) says that the first known depiction of the nativity scene, found in the catacombs of Rome, dates from AD 380.
  5. ^ a b Matheson, Lister M. (2012). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. ABC-CLIO. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. He was responsible for staging the first living Nativity scene or creche, in Christian history; and he was also Christianity's first stigmatic. He shares the honor of being patron saint of Italy with Saint Catherine of Siena. His feast day is celbrated on October 4, the day of his death; many churches, including the Anglican, Lutheran, and Episcopal churches, commemorate this with the blessing of the animals.
  6. ^ a b Dues, Greg.Catholic Customs and Traditions: A Popular Guide Twenty-Third Publications, 2000.
  7. ^ Thomas, George F.. Vitality of the Christian Tradition. Ayer Co. Publishing, 1944.
  8. ^ "#MyLivingNativity". Upper Room Books. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  9. ^ St. Bonaventure. "The Life of St. Francis of Assisi". e-Catholic 2000. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  10. ^ Orsini, Joseph E. (2000). Italian Family Cooking. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-24225-1. In later centuries the Nativity scenes became beautiful works of art in wooden sculptures and ceramic figures. The most remarkable ones were created in southern Italy, especially in Naples, Calabria, and Sicily, Today, in most Christian homes the Presepio, Creche, or Nativity Scene is in a special place of honor reserved for it beneath the Christmas tree. In both Italy and in Italian parishes...the Nativity Scenes is placed, significantly, right in front of the main altar of the church, and Christmas trees adorn the spaces behind or on the side of the altar.
  11. ^ a b "The Putz and Illumination". Moravian Church. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b Hillinger, Charles (25 December 1985). "The Star of Bethlehem Is Moravian Church Tradition". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Met Museum Celebrates Christmas andHanukkah at Main Building and Cloisters | the Metropolitan Museum of Art". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  14. ^ Burke, Jennifer (30 November 2021). "Christmas creches help Catholics enter into Nativity story". Catholic Courier. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Neapolitan Crib: The crib and 1700s Naples." Archived 20 December 2013 at Wikiwix. CitiesItaly.com. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Most people in a nativity scene: Welton Baptist Church sets world record". worldrecordacademy.com. 4 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  17. ^ Hobgood-Oster, Laura. Holy Dogs and Asses: Animals in the Christian Tradition. University of Illinois Press, 2008. ISBN 0-252-03213-6.
  18. ^ Gill, John (1748–1763). John Gill's Exposition of the Bible. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010.
  19. ^ Saxon, Elizabeth (2006). The Eucharist in Romanesque France: iconography and theology. Boydell Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84383-256-0. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Australian Nativity Scene Homepage". Australian Nativity Scene Homepage. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  21. ^ "Kairos, Volume 25 Issue 23". www.cam.org.au. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  22. ^ "Doing the time-warp". CBC News. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011.
  23. ^ "Business-Class Web Hosting by (mt) Media Temple". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  24. ^ "From Nutshells to Life‑size Statues" (PDF). Bridge Publishing House. December 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  25. ^ Velinger, Jan (7 December 2005). "Czech Nativity scenes". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  26. ^ "Edict of Toleration (2 January 1782): Emperor Joseph II" (PDF). New Hartford, New York: New Hartford Central School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  27. ^ "The Eighteenth Century". LITURGIE &CETERA. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  28. ^ Osborne (2004). "Paper Crèches". Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  29. ^ "Krýza Nativity Scene". Jindřichův Hradec Museum. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  30. ^ a b "Presepe napoletano, la storia. Quali sono i personaggi e che significano". Positanonews (in Italian). 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  31. ^ "Storia del presepe napoletano". associazionepresepialemaiori.it (in Italian). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  32. ^ Bondoc, Joshua (22 December 2021). "Christmas in our isles, a long enduring feast (First published 1978, TV Times magazine)". PhilStar Global. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  33. ^ Ferrolino, Mark Louis F. (15 December 2017). "A Christmas like no other". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  34. ^ Macairan, Evelyn (19 December 2010). "'Belen most important Christmas decor'". PhilStar Global. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  35. ^ Gonzalez, Joaquin Jay (2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780814732977.
  36. ^ Laquian, Eleanor R. "Christmas Belen tradition brings Baby Jesus to Vancouver homes". CanadianFilipino.net. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  37. ^ Dice, Elizabeth A. (2009). Christmas and Hanukkah. Infobase Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781438119717.
  38. ^ Bowler, Gerry (2012). The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9781551996073.
  39. ^ Llamas, Cora (20 December 2021). "The Philippines Has the Longest Christmas Season in the World". Christianity Today. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  40. ^ Moaje, Marita (15 November 2021). "'Belenismo' continues tradition of bringing hope, inspiration". Philippine News Agency. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  41. ^ Concepcion, Pocholo (15 November 2017). "Bringing back the 'belen'". Lifestyle.Inq. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  42. ^ Dayrit, Christine (16 December 2018). "Belenismo: A spectacle of hope". PhilStar Global. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  43. ^ Special Exhibitions Archived 4 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Metropolitan Museum of Art
  44. ^ Albrecht Powell. "Pittsburgh Créche – Pittsburgh Nativity Scene". About. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  45. ^ "Carnegie Museum of Art". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  46. ^ "Living nativity scene in Radio City Christmas Spectacular". YouTube. 2 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017.
  47. ^ "Arrival of live animals that appear in Radio City Christmas Spectacular's living nativity scene". YouTube. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017.
  48. ^ Walters, Gary. "Ask the White House" Archived 12 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. 2005.
  49. ^ "Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  50. ^ "Friends of the Creche". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  51. ^ "Riscopriamo il presepe 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014.
  52. ^ "Papírové betlémy". Papirove-betlemy.sweb.cz. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  53. ^ "Celebrity wax Nativity scene vandalized". Chicago Tribune. 14 December 2004. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  54. ^ "BBC News – A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style". BBC News. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  55. ^ Sherrill, Roland A.. Religion and the Life of the Nation. University of Illinois Press. 1990. p. 165.
  56. ^ Menendez, Albert J.. Christmas in the White House. The Westminster Press, 1983 pp. 51–52.
  57. ^ Comfort, David. Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties. Simon and Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-684-80057-8.
  58. ^ Roberts, Sam (8 October 2016). "Roslyn Litman, Antitrust Lawyer and Civil Liberties Advocate, Dies at 88". New York Times.
  59. ^ "Nonbelievers' sign at Capitol counters Nativity" Archived 22 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Seattle Times. 2 December 2008.
  60. ^ "PETA mistakenly targets nativity scene – US news – Weird news – Animal weirdness – NBC News". msnbc.com. 25 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  61. ^ [1] [permanent dead link‍]
  62. ^ "Els pessebres més polèmics de Sant Jaume". Betevé (in Catalan). 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
edit

  Media related to Nativity scenes at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nativity_scene&oldid=1259202364"