Wikipedia

Squatting position

(Redirected from Prison pose)
For other uses, see Squat (disambiguation).
"Haunch" redirects here. For a part of an arch, see Haunch (arch).

Squatting is a versatile posture where the weight of the body is on the feet but the knees and hips are bent. In contrast, sitting involves supporting the weight of the body on the ischial tuberosities of the pelvis, with the lower buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal object. The angle between the legs when squatting can vary from zero to widely splayed out, flexibility permitting. Another variable may be the degree of forward tilt of the upper body from the hips. Squatting may be either full or partial.

Vietnamese children squatting
A Havasupai man crouching

Crouching is usually considered to be synonymous with squatting. It is common to squat with one leg and kneel with the other leg.[1] One or both heels may be up when squatting. Young children often instinctively squat. Among Chinese,[2] Southeast Asian and Eastern European adults, squatting often takes the place of sitting or standing.

Etymology

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Squatting comes from the Old French esquatir/escatir, meaning to "compress/press down".[3] The weight-lifting sense of squatting is from 1954.[3]

Resting position

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A gopnik "slav squat"

Full squatting involves resting one's weight on the feet with the buttocks resting on the backs of the calves. It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level particularly where the ground is too dirty or wet to sit or kneel.[1]

Most Western adults cannot place their heels flat on the ground when squatting because of shortened Achilles tendons which may be caused by habits:[4][5][6][failed verification]

  • sitting on chairs or seats
  • wearing shoes with heels (especially high heels)

For this reason the squatting position is usually not sustainable for them for more than a few minutes as heels-up squatting is a less stable position than heels-down squatting.[7] See also dorsiflexion.

Desmond Morris distinguished seven variant forms of squat as: Squat-kneel; Flat-footed Squat (the Asian squat,[8] or Slav squat); Tiptoe Squat (the Western squat,[9] or heels-raised squat[10]); Squat-sit; Legs-fold; Lotus position; and Legs Side-curl.[11][relevant?]

Equivalents to the Slav squat (see Gopnik) in Western culture, sometimes with the hands together in a prayer position, are the rap squat, prison pose, and jail pose. They are often used as photographic poses.[12][13][14]

Exercise

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Strength training

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A U.S. Marine Corps officer candidate squatting as an exercise
Main article: Squat (exercise)

In strength training, the squat is a full body exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and buttocks, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons throughout the lower body. Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks.

The pistols squat is a one legged squat common in crossfit exercises in which the non-working leg is kept horizontal.

The burpee is a full body exercise used in strength training and as an aerobic exercise that involves a squat. The basic movement is performed in four steps and known as a "four-count burpee".

Mālāsana or upavesasana in yoga

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Mālāsana yoga pose
Main articles: Yoga and Mālāsana

Upaveśāsana (literally "sitting down pose"), also known as Mālāsana meaning "garland pose", or simply the yoga squat, is an asana.[15]

The āsana is a squat with heels flat on the floor and hip-width apart (or slightly wider if necessary), toes pointing out on a diagonal. The torso is brought forward between the thighs, elbows are braced against the inside of the knees, and the hands press together in front of the chest in Añjali Mudrā.[16]

Tai Chi

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In Taoist Tai Chi, the "Dan Yu" (spine stretching) exercise involves squatting. It is intended to work primarily the pelvic region, the legs and the lower back. Fifty or more repetitions may be performed in advanced classes. The feet are placed in a stance wider than the shoulders. When squatting the knees move in the direction of the feet.[17][18][19]

Urinating and defecating

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Wolves and foxes urinate in a squatting position.[20][21][22]

The squatting defecation posture involves squatting by standing with the knees and hips sharply bent and the bare buttocks suspended near the ground. Squat toilets are designed to facilitate this posture and are common in various parts of the world.

When not urinating into a toilet, squatting is the easiest way for a female to direct the urine stream. If done this way, the urine will go forward. Some women use one or both hands to focus the direction of the urine stream, which is more easily achieved while in the squatting position.[23][failed verification]

A partial squatting position (or "hovering") while urinating is often done to avoid sitting on a potentially contaminated toilet seat, but it may leave urine behind in the bladder[24] and it is not good for the pelvic floor muscles.[25]

Canids often urinate in a squatting position, but usually raise their legs while scent marking.[20]

Health

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This European woman's heel lifts off the ground when she is squatting. While Caucasians tend to flex the forefoot when kneeling or squatting, East Asians are more likely to keep the foot flat on the ground.[10]

In East Asian cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, postures with high flexion including kneeling and squatting are used more often in daily activities, while in North America, people kneel or squat less frequently in daily activities, unless for occupational, religious, or leisure practices. The favored style of those high flexion postures also differs among ethnic groups. While Caucasians tend to flex the forefoot when kneeling or squatting, East Asians are more likely to keep the foot flat on the ground.[10][26]

In the two common styles of kneeling, the plantarflexed kneel and the dorsiflexed kneel, the lead leg may experience higher adduction and flexion moment, which is associated with increased knee joint loads.[27]

Risk of osteoarthritis

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There is increased incidence of knee osteoarthritis among squatters who squat for hours a day for many years. There is increased incidence of knee osteoarthritis among squatters who squat for hours a day for many years.[28] There is evidence that sustained squatting may cause bilateral peroneal nerve palsy.[29] A common name for this affliction is squatter's palsy although there may be reasons other than squatting for this to occur.[30][31][29] For societies who rarely squat, squatting as a different posture may bring health benefits.[32]

In patients with tetralogy of Fallot

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Toddlers and older children with the congenital heart disease tetralogy of Fallot will often instinctively squat during a "tet spell" (an episode involving a sudden development of blue skin, caused by a drop of oxygen in the blood), allowing more blood to flow to the lungs.[33] Squatting increases systemic vascular resistance and allows for a temporary reversal of the shunt. It increases pressure on the left side of the heart, decreasing the right to left shunt thus decreasing the amount of deoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation.[34][35]

Squatting facets

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The existence of squatting facets on the distal tibia and talar articular surfaces of skeletons, which result from contact between the two bones during hyperdorsiflexion, have been used as markers to indicate if that person habitually squatted.[36][37]

Childbirth position

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Main article: Childbirth positions

Various people have promoted the adoption of these alternative birthing positions, particularly squatting, for Western countries, such as Grantly Dick-Read, Janet Balaskas, Moysés Paciornik and Hugo Sabatino. The adoption of these alternative positions is also promoted by the natural childbirth movement.

The squatting position gives a greater increase of pressure in the pelvic cavity with minimal muscular effort. The birth canal will open 20 to 30% more in a squat than in any other position. It is recommended for the second stage of childbirth.[38]

In ancient Egypt, women delivered babies while squatting on a pair of bricks, known as birth bricks.[39]

Sexual position

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Main article: Woman on top

There are versions of the "cowgirl" sex position where a woman is squatting over a man, who is lying on his back, instead of kneeling over him. These are referred to by different names such as Asian cowgirl, frog squat position, and froggystyle.[40] The woman can face forwards[41] or backwards (reverse).[42]

See also

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  • Denis Parsons Burkitt – Irish surgeon (1911–1993)
  • Di nixi – Ancient Roman birth deities
  • Gopnik – A practitioner of a learned behavior attributed to Russian prison culture to avoid sitting on the cold ground
  • Ilium – Also known as the Haunch bone
  • List of human positions – Physical configurations of the human body
  • Hunky punk – Decorative carvings on English buildings
  • Lajja Gauri – Lotus-headed Hindu Goddess associated with abundance, fertility and sexuality
  • Messenger (sculpture in Plymouth) – Sculpture erected in Plymouth, England
  • Neutral spine – Concept in anatomy

References

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  1. ^ a b Hewes, GW (April 1955). "World distribution of certain postural habits". American Anthropologist. 57 (2): 231–44. doi:10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040. JSTOR 666393.
  2. ^ Dobrzynski, Judith H. (17 October 2004). "An Eye on China's Not So Rich and Famous". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  3. ^ a b Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of squat. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/squat
  4. ^ Kasuyama, Tatsuya; Sakamoto, Masaaki; Nakazawa, Rie (2009). "Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion Measurement Using the Deep Squatting Posture". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 21 (2). Society of Physical Therapy Science: 195–199. doi:10.1589/jpts.21.195. ISSN 0915-5287.
  5. ^ Krause, David A.; Cloud, Beth A.; Forster, Lindsey A.; Schrank, Jennifer A.; Hollman, John H. (2011). "Measurement of Ankle Dorsiflexion: A Comparison of Active and Passive Techniques in Multiple Positions" (PDF). Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 20 (3). Human Kinetics: 333–344. doi:10.1123/jsr.20.3.333. ISSN 1056-6716. PMID 21828385. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2024.
  6. ^ DPT, Bryan Ausinheiler (28 November 2012). "The #1 reason why people find deep squatting difficult". Posture Movement Pain. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  7. ^ Mauss, Marcel. Les Techniques du corps 1934. Journal de Psychologie 32 (3–4). Reprinted in Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologie, 1936, Paris: PUF.
  8. ^ Wang, Fanjia; Zhou, Chenlei; Luo, Lina; Huang, Shangjun; Niu, Wenxin (2021). "Comparison of the Lower Limb Kinematics and Muscle Activation Between Asian Squat and Western Squat". Journal of Medical Biomechanics (in Chinese): E705–E711. doi:10.16156/j.1004-7220.2021.05.07 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  9. ^ Wang, Fanjia; Zhou, Chenlei; Luo, Lina; Huang, Shangjun; Niu, Wenxin (2021). "Comparison of the Lower Limb Kinematics and Muscle Activation Between Asian Squat and Western Squat". Journal of Medical Biomechanics (in Chinese): E705–E711. doi:10.16156/j.1004-7220.2021.05.07 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. ^ a b c Chong, H. (2016). “Do East Asians Achieve Greater Knee Flexion than Caucasian North Americans, and are East Asian Kneeling and Squatting Styles Kinetically Different from North American Norms?”
  11. ^ D Morris, Manwatching (London 1987) p. 312-3
  12. ^ Love, D. (2015, June 24). Has Russia totally reinvented the rap squat? - The Daily Dot.
  13. ^ Millard, Drew (27 December 2013). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Rap Squats but Were Afraid to Ask". Vice. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  14. ^ Cabatingan, Lux (15 September 2014). "Trend Alert: Gang Signs are Out, Rap Squats Are In". IX Daily. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
  15. ^ Lo, Kimberly (9 October 2013). "5 Yoga Tips to Open Up the Hips". elephant journal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Garland Pose". Yoga Journal. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  17. ^ Yang Chengfu (1931), Taijiquan Shiyongfa (Application methods of Taijiquan)
  18. ^ Yang Chengfu (1934), Taijiquan Tiyong Quanshu (Complete Book of the Essence and Applications of Taijiquan)
  19. ^ Yang Chengfu and Louis Swaim, tr. (2005). The Essence and Applications of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-545-4.
  20. ^ a b L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51698-1.
  21. ^ Elbroch, Mark; McFarland, Casey (23 August 2019). Mammal Tracks & Sign: A Guide to North American Species. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8117-6778-1.
  22. ^ Muller-Schwarze, D. (6 December 2012). Chemical Signals: Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4684-1027-3.
  23. ^ "A Woman's Guide on How to Pee Standing". Archived from the original on 4 June 2003.
  24. ^ "Kidney infection – Treatment". nhs.uk. National Health Service. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2019. If you have a kidney infection, try not to 'hover' over the toilet seat when you go to the loo because it can result in your bladder not being fully emptied.
  25. ^ "5 Bathroom Mistakes That Can Lead To Pelvic Floor Dysfunction". HuffPost Canadian version. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Hovering Over The Toilet
  26. ^ Han, Shuyang; Cheng, Gang; Xu, Peng (1 January 2015). "Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics of Chinese during activities of daily living". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 28 (2): 327–334. doi:10.3233/BMR-140523. ISSN 1053-8127. PMID 25096318.
  27. ^ Jensen, L. K. (1 February 2008). "Knee osteoarthritis: influence of work involving heavy lifting, kneeling, climbing stairs or ladders, or kneeling/squatting combined with heavy lifting". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 65 (2): 72–89. doi:10.1136/oem.2007.032466. ISSN 1351-0711. PMID 17634247. S2CID 8867823.
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  29. ^ a b Toğrol, E. (2000). "Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy induced by prolonged squatting". Military Medicine. 165 (3): 240–2. doi:10.1093/milmed/165.3.240. PMID 10741091.
  30. ^ Macpherson, J M; Gordon, A J (13 August 1983). "Squatter's palsy". BMJ. 287 (6390): 496. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6390.496-a. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1548703. PMID 6411186.
  31. ^ Kumaki, DJ (January 1987). "The facts of Kathmandu: squatter's palsy". JAMA. 257 (1): 28. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390010032017. PMID 3783899.
  32. ^ Spinks, Rosie (9 November 2017). "The forgotten art of squatting is a revelation for bodies ruined by sitting". Quartz (publication). p. 1. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  33. ^ "Tetralogy of Fallot - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  34. ^ Murakami T (2002). "Squatting: the hemodynamic change is induced by enhanced aortic wave reflection". Am. J. Hypertens. 15 (11): 986–88. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03085-6. PMID 12441219.
  35. ^ Guntheroth, Warren G.; Mortan, Beverly C.; Mullins, Gay L.; Baum, David (1968). "Venous return with knee-chest position and squatting in tetralogy of Fallot". American Heart Journal. 75 (3). Elsevier BV: 313–318. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(68)90087-2. ISSN 0002-8703. PMID 5638470.
  36. ^ BARNETT, CH (October 1954). "Squatting facets on the European talus". J Anat. 88 (4): 509–13. PMC 1244661. PMID 13211471.
  37. ^ Trinkaus, Erik (1975). "Squatting among the neandertals: A problem in the behavioral interpretation of skeletal morphology". Journal of Archaeological Science. 2 (4). Elsevier BV: 327–351. Bibcode:1975JArSc...2..327T. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(75)90005-9. ISSN 0305-4403.
  38. ^ Russell, JG (1969). "Moulding of the pelvic outlet". J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 76 (9): 817–20. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1969.tb06185.x. PMID 5823681. S2CID 354336.
  39. ^ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 152–53. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7.
  40. ^ "Sexual Positions". HowStuffWorks. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  41. ^ "Squatting Cowgirl Sex Position". SexInfo101. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  42. ^ "Squatting Rodeo Sex Position". SexInfo101. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crouching and Partial squats.

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